Sociological Theories Of Crime And Youth Criminals Criminology Essay

Sociological Theories Of Crime And Youth Criminals Criminology Essay Sociology, along with certain other multidisciplinary focuses, provides a number of reasons for why young people commit crimes. Chief amongst these is a lack of employment, the breakdown of the family, urban decay, social disenchantment, social alienation, drug abuse, and a host of others. For example, it had been proposed that integration be viewed through patterns of role relationships  [1]  however on the other hand it had been argued that new legal powers essentially comprise an extension of punitiveness underpinned by stigmatising and pathologies constructions of working class families.  [2]  In both cases, separated by a number of years, a number of factors are to blame the state, parents, and so on but little if any answers are proposed. Sociology in its broadest forms offers a prescriptive view of the world and this can leave it lacking when tasked with answering questions that arise out of its interests but which its interests cannot qualify. As a 2006 study on you th crime in nova Scotia put it, youth crime is multifaceted. On the one hand, most youth commit crime, and most typically grow out of crime as they age. Longitudinal studies further suggest there are several risk factors that place certain youth at increased risk of offending. At the same time, there are youth with many risk factors who never participate in offending behaviour while there are youth with few risk factors who have established criminal careers.  [3]  It is here that sociology comes unstuck, unable to handle the sheer multi affectedness of youth crime with an academic outlook that seeks to place youth into easily identifiable boxes. It is here That criminology, psychology, psychiatry, and social policy step in to try and make sense of this multiplicity and advise on policies which can both decrease the number of youths committing crimes, whilst encouraging those already in such a position to leave it behind. According to most commentators, growing out of crime is on the increase. Furthermore, a lot of youth crime is to a certain extent, to be expected, quite aside for reasons of social delinquency. The establishment of the new youth justices system was a reaction to this fact. As sociologists noted that certain levels of delinquency were normal, a new policy entered in the UK that sought to treat all crimes as punishable by a formal criminal justice sanction. The effects of this have been to label a young offender as an offender from an early age. On youths, this has a number of effects. The first is to further entrench criminality into the culprit, whilst the other aims to encourage the youth of the pointlessness of crime , providing punishments that equal the crime, but that also aim to dissuade against further criminal acts. Questions also arise about how to differentiate between males and females. Goldson and Muncie  [4]  note that women tend to grow out of crime earlier than boys. Whilst a sociological approach to this seeks to question why this may be, the criminological approach must make do with knowing that after the age of 18, youth offending begins to fall, particularly self-reported offending. As youths mature, they tend to swap certain crimes for others. Thus shoplifting and burglary decrease whilst fraud and workplace theft increase as they enter the labour market. These are questions best answered by the statistician than the sociologist. Theories that rely on concepts of individual pathology are redundant in the light of sociological developments in criminology. In recent years, there has been a wholesale turning away from concepts of individual pathology in sociology, necessitated by advancements in criminology which place a greater social burden on the reasons for crime. Haines draws a contrast between individualised explanations of criminal behaviour and approaches which seek to place crime in its situational and social context.  [5]  However, the positivist view that Darwinian notions of physiognomy may in some way be responsible for defining characteristics of a criminal are by now very outdated. More modern theories of criminality, derived in part from sociological studies, but also from the dismantling of the Darwinian myth of universal positivism, have led researchers to take the view that criminals are made, rather than born. That means that they are socialized in a society that views criminal behaviour as entirely rational and in keeping with the social and cultural norms of that milieu. Whilst exceptions still abound, particul arly in the case of the clinically, ill, this view informs much policy thinking and policies aimed at reducing youth crime. There are of course exceptions to this, but they remain very much the exception. Individual pathology is so closely linked with the notion of pathology that it is too universal, cutting across all classes, as to be specific enough to the rigours of criminological profiling. Criminology in its current incarnation looks at why crime exists in society and in order to do that, it needs to look at the ills of society. Taking their cues from Marx and Engels, the modern idea of criminology seeks to give answers that look at social questions as much as pathological ones. Accordingly, the individual pathology model is a control oriented ideology which serves to locate the causes of problems in specific individuals and which supplies the relevant knowledge and understanding to develop the appropriate technologies and social policies for controlling deviant members. Crimi nological theorizing thereby becomes a means of providingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a means of legitimating current policies which become justified as forms of treatment rather than punishment.  [6]  In this argument, the archaic individual pathology view becomes not only outdated, but also unfairly punitive, prescribing a series of judgments upon a larger, unclassifiable group. It strips the moral imperative from those enlisted to uphold it, and takes an awkwardly narrow view of society as a whole.

Summary of an Introduction by Kamala Das

â€Å"An Introduction† is perhaps the most famous of the poems written by Kamala Das in a self-reflective and confessional tone from her maiden publication Summer in Calcutta(1965). The poem is a strong remark on Patriarchal Society prevalent today and brings to light the miseries, bondage, pain suffered by the fairer sex in such times. The poet says that she is not interested in politics but claims that she can name all the people who have been in power right from the time of Nehru.By saying that she can repeat them as fluently as days of week, or names of the month, she indirectly states the fact that politics in the country is a game of few chosen elite who ironically rule a democracy. The fact that she remembers them so well depicts that these people have been in power for repetitive cycles. Next, she describes herself saying that she is an Indian, born in Malabar and very brown in colour. She speaks in three languages, writes in two and dreams in one, articulating the tho ught that Dreams have their own universal language.Kamala Das echoes that the medium of writing is not as significant as is the comfort level that one requires. People asked her not to write in English since isn’t her mother tongue. Moreover, the fact that English was a colonial language prevalent as medium of communication during British times drew even more criticism every time she had an encounter with a critic, friends, or visiting cousins. She emphasizes that the language she speaks becomes her own, all its imperfections and queerness become her own. It is half-English, half-Hindi, which seems rather amusing but the point is that it is honest.Its imperfections only make it more human, rendering it close to what we call Naturality. It is the language of her expression and emotion as it voices her joys, sorrows and hopes. It is as integral to her as cawing is to the crows and roaring to the lions. Though imperfect, It is not a deaf, blind speech like that of trees in storm or the clouds of rain. Neither does it echo the â€Å"incoherent mutterings of the funeral pyre†. It possesses a coherence of its own: an emotional coherence. She moves on telling her own story.She was a child, and later people told her that she had grown up for her body had started showing signs of puberty. But she didn’t seem to understand this interpretation because at the heart she was still but a child. When she asked for love from her soulmate not knowing what else to ask, he took the sixteen-year-old to his bedroom. The expression is a strong criticism of child marriage which pushes children into such a predicament while they are still very childish at heart. Though he didn’t beat her, she felt beaten and her body seemed crushed under her own weight.This is a very emphatic expression of how unprepared the body of a sixteen-year-old is for the assault it gets subjected to. She shrank pitifully, ashamed of her feminity. She tries to overcome such humiliati on by being tomboyish. And thereafter when she opts for male clothing to hide her femininity, the guardians enforce typical female attire, with warnings to fit into the socially determined attributes of a woman, to become a wife and a mother and get confined to the domestic routine. She is threatened to remain within the four walls of her female space lest she should make herself a psychic or a maniac.They even ask her to hold her tears when rejected in love. She calls them categorizers since they tend to categorise every person on the basis of points that are purely whimsical. She explains her encounter with a man. She attributes him with not a proper noun, but a common noun-â€Å"every man† to reflect his universality—the fact that in such a patriarchal society, this is a nature inherent to every male by the sheer fact that he belongs to the stronger sex. He defined himself by the â€Å"I†, the supreme male ego. He is tightly compartmentalized as â€Å"the sw ord in its sheath†.It portrays the power politics of the patriarchal society that we thrive in that is all about control. It is this â€Å"I† that stays long away without any restrictions, is free to laugh at his own will, succumbs to a woman only out of lust and later feels ashamed of his own weakness that lets himself lose to a woman. Towards the end of the poem, a role-reversal occurs as this â€Å"I† gradually transitions to the poetess herself. She pronounces how this â€Å"I† is also sinner and saint†, beloved and betrayed. As the role-reversal occurs, the woman too becomes the â€Å"I† reaching the pinnacle of self-assertion.

Nonverbal Messages And Its Effect On Communication Essay

Two people are having a conversation in which one person is talking and asking questions while the other remains silent or gives her/him the â€Å"silent treatment.† Topics covered in scenario; Spatial Messages, Eye messages, Encoding skills, Decoding skills Script for skit; Gabe; Alright, so today as a group we are going to demonstrate the nonverbal messages involved in silence, how it affects communication, and show the proper way to handle a situation in which the other person is giving the â€Å"silent treatment† (Travion sits and Connor proceeds to try to talk to Travion) Connor: So, how was your day today? Travion: (Silence) Connor: †¦Ok, well my day was pretty boring if you want to know. I ended up studying for my finals and watching Netflix. Travion: (Silence + avoiding eye contact) Connor: Is everything alright? Is there something bothering you? Travion: (Silence + avoiding eye contact + arms crossed) Connor: Ok, what’s wrong? Why are you not talking to me all of a sudden? Travion: (Silence + avoiding eye contact + arms crossed) Connor: Did I do something wrong? Talk to me†¦ Travion: (Silence + avoiding eye contact + arms crossed) Alivia; So as you can see by this demonstration, the silent treatment is a very damaging relationship strategy that hurts both people involved. - If the silent treatment is taken too far, it can actually be seen as emotional abuse - Also, silent treatment is known to be one of the most common warning signs of relationship problems becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Nonverbal Messages On Interpersonal, Organizational, And Public Communication1728 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication is generally defined as having both a verbal and nonverbal component. Whereas verbal communication often refers to the words we use in communication, nonverbal refers to communication that is produced by some means other than words (eye contact, body language or vocal cues, for example) (Knapp, 2002). 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Wikipedia Back to the Paper Form

Wikipedia is one of the most popular sources of information on the Internet. It is used by people of different age from various social groups. The creation of this online encyclopedia shook the very concept of the collection of information to the core. There was no need of searching through dozens of dusty enormous books and being stuck in the library for hours – no more. The knowledge has become easily accessible and everybody can now find any information in a matter of seconds – if the query is properly written. It would look insane if somebody tried to print Wikipedia, wouldnt it? It’s like going back in time. Well, there is actually a group of people who think that publishing Wikipedia is not a silly idea at all. The Heroes and Their Goals The groups name is Wikipedia Book Project and they plan to print Wikipedia in 1,000 hard covers 1,200 pages each. This will take over 600,000 sheets of paper (Amazon rainforest cry and mourn at the reference alone). These people plan to raise $50,000 in order to pay for this crazy project and it looks quite possible that they will get enough money this spring already. So, why would anyone want to print Wikipedia? There are two main reasons. The first one – currently Wikipedia is the largest encyclopedia in the whole world. It is larger than the Encyclopedia Britannica (the last print edition consisted of 32 volumes) and even longer than Ãâ€"konomische Enzyklopà ¤die, written in the 19-th century in German (242 volumes). The second reason is Wikipedias importance in history: as the members of Wikipedia Book Project say, â€Å"to later generations, this might be a period piece from the beginning of the digital revolution.† A Team Behind the Curtains Fundraising is surely important, when talking of such a global project as Wikipedias printing. But there must be the people, who can actually do all the creative and technical job. And there are three of a kind behind Wikipedia Book Project: Heiko Hees, Alex Boerger and Christoph Kepper. All of them are members of PediaPress â€Å"the official print on demand partner of the Wikimedia Foundation†. The developers of PediaPress invented a special book tool (which is available on the open Internet source), thanks to which everybody can collect any information from Wikipedia pages and make a book out of it. There are some books, successfully put together with the help of this tool since 2007, but the members of PediaPress have never faced such a challenge, as printing the whole Wikipedia, ever before. Such a project requires patience and incredible skill, but, as Boerger, Kepper and Hees think, the game is worth the candle.