Differentiating Organisms Using a Gram Stain

Amanda Lab Report 1 Microbiology Laboratory Title – Differentiating Organisms using the Gram Stain Introduction The experiment conducted was based upon the known attributes of two different groups of bacteria, those that are gram positive, and those that are gram negative. Using a specific staining procedure, it is possible to differentiate the two types under a microscope The gram stain method of differentiation is possible because of differences in the cell membrane between the two categories of bacteria. Gram positive cells have an extra thick layer that is made of highly-crosslinked peptidoglycans, which impart different properties.This layer makes the cells less susceptible to decolorization by Ethyl Alcohol. Using this property, cells with a thinner peptidoglycan layer can be stained a different color than gram positive cells within a culture. The primary color is applied to the culture and imparts a purple color to all bacteria in your sample. Adding Gram’s iodin e, a mordant used by the method’s namesake, makes the violet color more intense, and creates a bond with the primary stain that makes it less soluble. The third step is to add a decolorizing agent, Ethyl Alcohol.In gram negative cells the alcohol makes the outer cells porous, which allows the primary stain to be washed away. The gram positive cells have pores that are actually dried out by the alcohol, which makes the primary stain fix into the membrane, and not get washed away. The final stain is the counter stain that lends a different, pinkish color to the gram negative cells that have been washed of the primary stain. Methods The method used in this experiment was derived from Cappucino and Sherman (2011) as detailed in experiment 10 with substitutions for the unknown bacteria.Aseptic lab technique was followed. One slide of the #7 unknown bacteria and one slide which included both unknown #7 and unknown #2 were prepared using the following stain technique. The initial sm ears were made from broth cultures using a loop, air dried, and then heat fixed. The smears were covered with crystal violet stain and allowed to absorb for one minute, before gently rinsing with a controlled stream of water from a squeeze bottle. Next, Gram’s iodine was applied to the smears with a dropper and left to sit for one minute before rinsing with water.Next, the 95% Ethyl Alcohol mixture was dropped slowly onto each smear and allowed to run off until the alcohol appeared clear and then gently rinsed with water. Lastly in the staining procedure, Saffranin was dropped onto the smear until it was covered, for 45 seconds. The smears were rinsed with water final time, then placed between sheets of bibulous paper to dry. Each smear was viewed under the light microscope using oil immersion at 1000x magnification. These smears were compared to smears prepared in the same fashion, of the known bacteria E. coli, B. cereus, S. ureus, and a mixed smear containing both E. coli and S. aureus. Results Experiment 10 Observations Bacteria| E. coli| B. cereus| S. aureus| Mixture of E. coli and S. aureus| RepresentativeField| | | | | Shape| Bacillus| Bacillus| Cocci| Cocci, Bacilli| Arrangement| Single, some clustered by the stain| Strepto| Variable, mostly staph| cluster| Cell Color| pink| purple| purple| Purple/pink| Gram Reaction| -| +| +| +/-| Unknown Bacteria Observations Name| Unknown #7| Unknown #2| Mixed Field| Representative Field| | | | Shape| Bacillus| cocci| Bacillus/Cocci overlap|Arrangement| Strepto| staph| cluster| Cell Color| Purple| purple| Purple| Gram Reaction| +| +| +| * Table 1 shows how the three different cells were observed after staining. The only pink and gram negative bacteria were the E. coli which were rod shaped and collected in a strepto arrangement. Bacillus cereus was purple in color, appeared rod shaped characteristic of bacilli and was gram positive, appearing purple as expected. The other gram positive and purple bacteria, St aphylococcus aureus were spherical in shape, and clustered into large groups with some lone cocci visualized.The mixture in Table 1 showed a good contrast between the pink rods of E. coli and the purple circles of S. aureus. * Table 2 shows Unknown # 7 as a rod shaped, chain forming, purple bacteria. Unknown #7 was visualized as a clustering purple, spherical organism. Both appeared gram +. The mixture of the two showed the same shapes, but in this case the rods and spheres tended to cluster and were more difficult to observe as they were the same color. But rods and spheres could be clearly discerned upon careful examination. Table 1 served as a control for table 2, as each the unknowns in Table 2 were going to be one of the Table 1 organisms, barring contamination. If a bacteria was visualized in Table 2’s data that was not present in Table 1, there was an obvious error which could be corrected by redoing the slides. The information for Table 2 came from observations on Thu rsday following the original day for the unknowns on Tuesday, as we observed contamination on the slides from gram negative bacteria that should not have been present with gram positive stains.Discussion B. cereus and S. aureus appeared purple upon observation through the microscope. This is consistent with knowledge about the two bacteria that indicate they are gram positive bacteria. The purple coloration means that their outer layers are of the more highly cross linked type with more peptidoglycan, which gives their cell membrane shape and firmer structure. This also makes the membranes open to dehydration without weakening.When the decolorizing agent was applied in this experiment, the cell walls of the gram positive organisms shrank up, not allowing the primary stain to leave. They remained purple even after treatment with Saffranin. E. coli’s outer layer also has peptidoglycan but it is much thinner, and surrounded by lipids. When the decolorizing agent was applied to t he slide containing this bacteria, it’s membrane let the stain wash easily out of the thin membrane. The saffranin as the second stain was then picked up easily, giving the E. oli a pink shade. The results of the study show that unknown # 7substance was B. cereus. The purple color and gram positive reaction ruled out E. coli as the identity of the unknown. Rods arranged in strips were observed in the unknown # 7, so B. cereus became the leading contender. When unknown #2 and unknown # 7 were mixed, a contrast between the rods and spheres could be observed, which made it clear that unknown #7 showed a clear bacilli structure. Contamination on Tuesday of the experiment led to misleading results.Because unknown #2 had been visualized as purple cocci, and unknown #7 had been visualized as purple bacilli, when unknown #2 and unknown # 7 were mixed, it was unclear as to what the pink gram negative bacteria appearing in the slide were. The pink bacteria clung to the purple bacteria in the slide. It was decided that the unknown #2 had been mixed up with another unknown during testing, or the aseptic technique had been compromised. The unknowns were heat fixed and stained a second time, visualized individually and in a mix . The final results were unambiguous.It is unclear whether the gram-negative bacteria were E. coli or another gram negative bacterium as the pink structures were behind the purple structures in the slide and were very translucent. It also possible the pink bacteria were a result of decolorizing the bacteria for too long with ethyl alcohol during the staining process, or the pink bodies were contaminant material and not cells at all which happened to take on the Saffranin stain by chance. Literature Cited Cappuccino, J. G. , and N. Sherman (2011) Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. Pearson Benjamin Cummings (San Francisco).

Abortion: the most controversial issues in America

Nina Emmrich English 1 Abortion Guy Thorvaldsen 14, April 14, 2013 Abortion, this is one of the most controversial issues in America. It’s been an issue for over 200 years. In 1973 it was protected under law. But today it isn’t. Most American’s believe that it’s a sin to have an abortion while others see it as a choice to do it. There have been many legal cases against and also for abortion. Many have won but many have lost. This issue will never end. It will always be an argument. By having an abortion the mother is killing and innocent child who has no say in it.The family and father should also have a say in it as well. A little before the 1800’s states practiced some form of the English Common Law which happened to also lack codification. Abortion and unwed pregnancy didn’t exist in this time period. Finding the history of abortion is more difficult than people can imagine because there aren’t very many records of it to go off of. Starting in the 1600’s, there was the first conviction of the intent to abort a child. This went down in the state of Maryland, and then four years later another girl was arrested for murder because she had an abortion.This also happened in Maryland, but that case was dropped after the woman married the only witness who of course refused to testify. Another case that happened was in 1710 where Virginia Law made it a capital crime to be pregnant and then be found with a dead baby. In 1719 Delaware made it that anyone who counseled abortion or even infanticide an accessory to murder. According to Olasky’s notes â€Å"infanticide was probably the most frequent way of killing unwanted, illegitimate children†. â€Å"Abortifacients were known to and used in the early America.But by using them â€Å"was like playing Russian roulette with three bullets in the chamber†. So already there are beginning to make it a crime to have abortions. (abort73. com) There are many key factors that went into the process of deciding a case. They didn’t always have specific legislation for abortion and infanticide, those who did happened to have the same problem. It was impossible to have the right evidence to convict someone, and even more so pregnancy was hard to confirm. There was never a corpse or a witness to prove it. But on the bright side there was a great deal of the ury that had sympathy for the abandoned and desperate woman. Either way there was a lot of non-legislative factors that had been working against infanticide and abortion. A major factor was that the man should â€Å"act honorably† and propose to the women if he got her pregnant before they were married. (abort73. com) To give more to the influence of the society was the religious and scientific community. They condemned abortion both for how the bible speaks of an unborn child and also for the well-known testimony of church pillars like John Calvin who forbade abortion.Fr om the 1600’s-1800’s the scientific community believed that babies actually existed before they were conceived. This was also another anti-abortion influence. The difficulty confirming pregnancy before quickening made early abortions almost impossible, and late term abortions ruined marriage prospects, and were extremely dangerous. (Abort73. com pg. 2) There’s more to the history than just the community. Lawmakers had to start dealing with abortion in the late 1800’s. It was 1821 when the first abortion legislation had passes in Connecticut.The lawmakers everywhere else tried to keep up. New York legislation changed on abortion 10 times between 1828 and 1881. (Abort73. com) Abortion should be illegal. When women have abortions they are killing innocent children. It’s a sin to do so. Of course it’s a choice of the mother but what about the family. What about the father? Don’t they have a say in what happens to their child. As America g rew and expanded, most of the support mechanisms that helped provide for women during their crisis pregnancies had begun to want.The increase in social isolation and separation through urbanization had removed the societal and familial safety net for pregnant and non-married women had to fall back on. The concealment of a women’s pregnancy alone with smothering the baby after it was born was then considered a choice. Therefore abortion was beginning to get a foothold, but it was still not considered legitimate or legal. The frequency of was increasing as more young women found alone and pregnant. Dr. John Trader of Missouri stated that â€Å"contended that men were (the ones) pushing women into abortion†.So it goes to show that the men are also part of the abortion’s happening. (abort73. com) Slowly the opposition of abortion began to lose a lot of its moral framework. In the med. Books abortion was beginning to be counseled against for the potential risks as it had been presented to many women instead of the life being destroyed. It was said that â€Å"the right to destroy† became the central belief to a women named Margaret Sanger. She began to expose it in publicity. She would celebrate the virtue of sexual promiscuity and she would attack any women’s shelter.She then would have gone on to fount Planned Parenthood which still today remains the largest abortion provider in the United States. The government funding was required to remove all religious indoctrination and professional social workers replaced the evangelically-oriented matrons. The compassion shifted from helping to do what is right to doing whatever people feel like doing. (abort73. com) The birth control issue split the pro-life community for many years and hamstrung their efforts during the crucial 1960’s. (abort73. om) In the year of 1962 there were reports of a women who died form and illegal abortion and she was then cut into pieces which had horri fied the entire nation. Sherri Finkbine became famous women for having an abortion in Sweden because she was worried that her child was going to be disabled. An average American had begun to see illegal abortion instead of abortion itself as the real problem. In the year of 1967 Colorado and California became the first states to legalize abortions for only pregnancies that resulted in rape, incest, or pregnancies that threatened the life of a women as well as a pregnancy of a severely handicapped child.Then within the next three years, Alaska, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina and Virginia soon followed. Then in 1970 New York became one of the first states to offer unrestricted abortion, but only during the first 24 weeks of the women’s pregnancy. Then in 1971 the Roe v. Wade case came to trial. The verdict was decided in 1973 which was that all state laws regulating abortion were strict. And the demand became the law of the land. So as you can see that abortion had a lot of history in front of it, but does it still make it right for it to be legal?Some believe that abortion should only be legal for certain reasons, such as Rape victims. While many disagree with this option there are many who do agree. A woman who was raped and is carrying the rapist baby should have the right to decide what she would like to do with the baby. It's not the court's decision it's hers. It's been a woman's right since the Roe V. Wade case that abortion is legal. This caused an outrage. There were protests out on the steps of the courthouse where people were screaming that they are allowing woman to kill innocent children.And they have a point too. Killing a child when they have no say in it is considered murder to some people. Anytime you kill a human being is murder so how is this any different. A woman in the army was 19 and was in an abusive relationship and he had gotten her pregnant. She didn’t want to tell him. She was called a whore, a tramp and embarrassment to her family. They told her to come home and discuss it as a family. Well little did she know they had made an appointment for her to get an abortion. No matter what she said it was all wrong.Her oldest brother whom she respected wouldn’t even talk to her he was so ashamed of her. Her family kept telling her to get an abortion but she was against it. The argument lasted 3 hours and finally she went to bed. But her family wouldn't leave her alone until she made a decision. She was denied food that night and when she awoke the next morning she was denied food as well. So she finally gave in and they drove her to the clinic. She had the abortion and she saw a 16 year old girl in there and she hugged her and they cried together.Her parents as well as her brothers never apologized for their actions. Her take away from this experience is that she can be compassionate to young teens that have made the horrible choice of having an abortion. She is now 47, married with 2 children and adopting a third. This story shows that there is regret to getting an abortion. She never stopped thinking of her first child. She told her now 21 year old daughter who had gotten pregnant 19 about what happened and her granddaughter is now one year old. There will always be that regret of having a child. (abort73. om) There was a case called Roe v. Wade. This was a case between a single pregnant that brought a class action challenge to the constitutionality of the Texas criminal abortion laws by procuring or attempting an abortion on medical terms for the mother. A licensed physician named Hallford who had to cases pending against him was somehow permitted to intervene. A married couple who were unable to bare a child separately attacked the laws as well based on alleged injury from the failure of contraceptives, pregnancy as well as impairment of the wife's health.Roe and Hallford were standing to sue and presented justiciable controversies. The court decided to that the abortion status void as vague as those plaintiff's Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments. The District Court granted declaratory relief to Roe and Hallford. It was then decided in 1973 that the Court's ruled that the Texas criminal abortion statures are unconstitutional. (Cornell. edu) There are places that do abortions. These are called abortion clinics. The main one that is most popular is Planned Parenthood. These places should not exist.Allowing young teens to come in and murder their child is wrong. In the case Planned Parenthood v. Casey the Supreme Court considered a Pennsylvania law that imposed the regulations on abortion. This case was not directly connected to Roe v. Wade. Although the Court didn't contend that Roe v. Wade was a correct application of reasoned judgment. In extreme arrogance the Court declared â€Å"where the performance of its judicial duties, the Court decides the case in such way a s to resolve the sort of intensely divisive controversy reflected in Roe and those rare comparable cases†¦.Contending sides of a national controversy to end their national division by accepting a common mandate rooted in the constitution. † In this case Planned Parenthood because of the case Roe v. Wade and how abortion is legal because it's a national law. (Lifenews. com) There are so many reasons as to why abortion should not be legal but we have to look at the other side of the picture. We have to look at reasons why is should be legal and the reasons behind that. The big reason is Rape victims. Why should they have to carry the rapist's baby. They should have every right to get rid of it.And with abortion being legal they can. To them it's not a sin. They are getting rid of something that was part of a horror that they went through. They have the right to decide and to them they aren’t doing the wrong thing they are doing the right thing. No one can stop them. They have the freedom to choose. Abortion is used for many different reasons. Those reasons can be that the mother was raped and didn’t want to keep the child or if they didn’t abort the mother would die. These are two serious reasons as to why some people are for abortion.It can save someone's life when it comes to the decision of life or death. Or it could be the free release from something tragic that happened to someone. Abortion isn't all bad in some ways. Those two reasons are important to some people. A mother who doesn't want to carry a rapist's baby shouldn't have to. And if the child is killing the mother and abortion is the only way to save her life then do it. There are medical reasons to do abortions. Not just personal. Not only is it the mother's decision but it should also be the father's decision as well.He should have a right to decide whether the baby lives or not. He helped create it. It's unfair to think that he will never be able to see is child be cause the mother aborted it without him knowing. It's unfair. Every father should have the right of say in what happens to his child. Then there's the issue of the family. The family should also have a say in what happens as well. They can help take care of the baby. Be there for the mother. Help her along the way. Help her, guide her. Give her and the baby love. They will be there for. The mother should want that, should have that.The families are supposed to be there for their children. Love them no matter what happens to them. They will love their grandchildren just the same. So they should have a right of say as well. They will help guide the mother through the tough times. They will be there for her and the child, no matter what. So with all that history and all that information, have you come to a conclusion as to whether you are for or against it. You should be against it. It's murder. Killing an innocent child is just wrong. Everyone has the right to do as they please but in common sense it's the worst thing you could do.There are other options like keeping the baby or giving it up for adoption. Why kill the baby when you can give it life. Give it a home, a place to eat, sleep, live and be happy. Or give it to a family whose always wanted a child but could never have one of their own. Give that baby a future. Don’t kill it. It deserves to live. Everyone deserves to live. Not die. It's wrong. So with all this information, I hope you've made the right decision as to whose side you're on. Killing an innocent child is wrong, and it needs to be stopped.

Capital Budgeting Process and Decision

For any company, success is determined by capital budgeting decisions. This is one of the decisive factors for the failure or success of a company. Financial managers are tasked with perhaps some of the most important decisions that affect the business (Capital Budgeting Valuation, 2013). However, it is important to note that there are several factors that combine to make decisions in capital budgeting these decisions continue for a number of years, thus, the decision makers or the managers are part of this flexible process. Since capital assets must be used when needed, then this makes opportunity a very important consideration in the capital budget. Capital budgeting process is important because expansion of assets implies very large expenditure.   Before a company uses a very large amount of money on a project the managers should ensure that the company has sufficient available funds to finance the entire project. Two examples of capital budget decisions (Donovan, 2006). Information required within the firm may vary in accordance to the level of organizational structure.   Senior executives or CEOs decisions are structured less in the sense that there are no situations that are repetitive and subsequently no single solution can be applied; On the other hand, evaluation and assessment criteria and points of view should be known for each situation where the data is accurate and must come from subjective and external in uncertain and risky environments. Since it is not possible to determine and control all the variables or factors that affect a situation, it is that models are sought to represent reality for their analysis in the hope that those decisions made are satisfactory and not optimal decisions within the context of rationality of who They must make decisions (Kalyebara, & Islam, n.d.) . Specific and concrete at each level to the lowest levels. The information required in all these decisions represents the point of departure for carrying out a ctions that will ultimately affect the performance of the organization Capital Structure of the Company The optimal capital structure is that for which the cost of capital is minimal: if the company is financed with this debt / equity ratio, the market value of the company will be maximum. Optimal financing structure e = Debt / Own Resources in practice is difficult to determine. Generally speaking, financing projects whose economic profitability exceeds the cost of the project itself will increase the shareholder's profitability in that difference (depending on the margin between the investment return and the cost of the debt). : It is necessary to see the project independently of the rest of the projects of the company. This approach, however, considers only the explicit cost of debt, that is to say, the derivative of comparing the revenues and disbursements originated by indebtedness. There are other costs apart from the explicit so that it diminishes the profitability of that project or even that it is negative. But the ability to borrow is not unlimited because if we borrow now, we will have to opt for more expensive debt or own financing in the future (Rasmussen, 2003).   Therefore, the debt has an implicit cost: to finance itself today with debt, may mean having to give it up in the future. This is related to the formulation of the capital budget according to which the financing of a project has to be studied within the framework of the general and future situation of the company. That is why we speak of the weighted average cost of capital at the time of comparing with the profitability of a project: the project has to be taken into account as integrated into the company and not in isolation. You have to collect all the debts of the company and find the weighted average cost to match. Capital Budget is a tool used to carry out certain cost planning processes for companies, families, businesses, among others, which would produce certain economic benefits with terms stipulated within a year. The capital budget can also be defined as a valued list of projects which may be feasible for the acquisition of new economic benefits, that is to say, for example, when a company makes a capital investment it incurs the current cash outflow and this Expected future benefits, the benefits usually extend for more than a year (Vogt, 2004). Within the Capital budget we can find the following advantages: It supports the development of the procedure and / or purpose.   It promotes interaction, communication and help between the areas of the company. They give common sense when making investment proposals. They serve to evaluate and choose a referential point of view. Within the capital budget we can also find the following disadvantages: It does not recognize the value of money over time. Your money recovery process is much slower than agreed. The way the parameter is set against which the recovery period of each project is compared to arrive at a decision (Shah, 2007).The fact that this method has these disadvantages does not mean that one should avoid its use in any circumstance that requires it, this means that they must be taken into account in order to make the best decision. The budget brings a number of advantages to the organization, being a planning tool. They include; The working capital of a company is what allows it to develop its social object, and of the administration that is made of it, it depends that the company grows at a greater or lesser speed, or in the worst case, that its assets are diminished or it leads to the definitive bankruptcy of the company(Nice, 2002). In such a way that the working capital is the basis on which the operation of a company is supported, which is why the importance of its administration will be exposed in this essay, the decisive and definitive one that can be in a business to manage and Budget correctly. Most capital budget studies focus on the problems of calculation, analysis and interpretation of risk. One of the most important tasks in preparing a capital budget is to estimate the future cash flows for a project. The forecasts for these are based on estimates of incremental revenues and costs associated with the project (Hornstein, & Yeung, 2005). In each investment proposal it is necessary to provide information on the expected future cash flows after taxes. For example, if a company is considering launching a new product that will compete with existing ones, it is not appropriate to express their cash flows based on their estimated sales. It is necessary to take into account the possible "affectation" of existing products; therefore, the estimation of cash flows should be made based on incremental sales. The key is to analyze the situation with the new investment and without it.The most important are incremental cash flows(Nice, 2002). The "sunk" costs should be omitted, the focus is on incremental costs and benefits; the recovery of past costs is of no importance to the project.. It is also important to note that certain costs do not necessarily mean a disbursement of money; it will be necessary to include the opportunity cost in the valuation of the project. The most important application of the cost of capital is the capital budget, in addition to serving to determine the decision or to buy or lease, for the repayment of bonds and in decisions to use debts or stockholders' equity. It is possible to fully fund a company with equity funds, which must be equal to the required return on the stockholders' equity of the company, and must consider their cost of capital from various sources of long-term funds (preferred shares or debt In the long term) and not only the stockholders' equity of the company.. The weighted average cost of capital is calculated as a compound value, made up of the various types of funds you will use, regardless of the specific financing for a project. Capital components are the type of capital companies use to raise funds (debts, preferred shares and common stockholders' equity), any increase in assets is reflected in any of these capital components. The cost of post-tax debt is the interest rate on new debt and is used to calculate the weighted average cost of capital (Baker, & English, 2011). Costs components of debt after tax = interest rate - tax savings (interest is deductible), is used because the value of the shares depends on the cash flows after tax. The component cost of preferred shares is also used to calculate the weighted average cost of capital; it is the rate of return that investors require and is equal to dividing the preferred dividend. Baker, H., & English, P. (2011).  Capital Budgeting Valuation  (1st ed.). Somerset: Wiley. Bierman, H., & Smidt, S. (2007).  The capital budgeting decision  (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. Blackstone, William, and Edward Christian.  Commentaries On The Laws Of England. [Place of publication not identified]: [Nabu Press], 2010. Print. Capital Budgeting Valuation. (2013) (1st ed.). Hoboken, N.J. Donovan, S. (2006).  Budgeting  (1st ed.). Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. Hornstein, A., & Yeung, B. (2005).  Essays on the corporate capital budgeting decisions of multinational enterprises  (1st ed.). Jacobs, Davina F.  A Review Of Capital Budgeting Practices. Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2008. Print. Kalyebara, B., & Islam, S.  Corporate Governance, Capital Markets, and Capital Budgeting  (1st ed.). Nice, D. (2002).  Public budgeting  (1st ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning. Rasmussen, N. (2003).  Process improvement for effective budgeting and financial reporting  (1st ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Shah, A. (2007).  Local budgeting  (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Vogt, A. (2004).  Capital budgeting and finance  (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: International City/County Management Association.

Kant theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kant theory - Assignment Example Kant belonged to a family background that was following the movement of pietism and he was even subjected to attend pietist school (Rohlf 1). During his school life he was educated to believe in the external forces that control human behavior or future. These schools were trying to make people believe that they should rely on the help of divine and should seek help from them. But Kant was not ready to accept these teachings and he believed the human beings and their behaviors are a result of the independence they have in decision making and their ability to think in a rational manner. Kant’s ethical theory of categorical imperative states that ethical decisions are those which have been made on the basis of the maxim (reason) that the individual taking that particular action or decision for another individual is even ready to accept the same decision or action being carried out against themselves when they are facing a similar situation or any other situation. Kant’s theory of categorical imperative is highly applicable in real world situations because human beings are rational decision makers and they may use the categorical imperative theory to decide what is wrong and what is right (Fieser 1). One of the criticisms of Kant’s theory has been provided by Hegel who believes that Kant’s theory is simply not applicable in the real world. He states that the problem with Kant’s theory is that it does not provides a clear guideline for identifying whether and individual had actually indulged in moral decision making (Schopenhauer X). Another problem with Kant’s theory is that the theory does not even help in clearly identifying behaviors and decisions that are moral or immoral. Furthermore Schopenhauer believes that Kant’s theory is incorrect because following his theory people will be involved in making decisions based on ego and not on the basis of sympathy. He states that thinking in a sympathetic manner is the main force that

Strategic Analysis & Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic Analysis & Planning - Essay Example It is best practiced from top to bottom to facilitate proper information and by understanding the direction towards which the organization wants to move, as is the case of Microsoft. Discipline in the execution of strategic analysis is highly regarded since through it the organization will achieve its goals. Though no known formula has been developed to help in strategic analysis and planning, certain principles ought to be followed concisely to succeed. They are; analysis of current situations, core competencies analysis, and key success factors, business unit strategy, among other principles. By analysing such factors, business objectives are bound to be achieved. Strategic Business Units, commonly referred to as SBUs, are distinct organizations that are part of the main organization as is this case for Minecraft, that pursue their own objectives and mission and are fully functional. They report their activities to the parent company’s headquarters. They act independently with a specific market target to increase profitability and appeal to consumers, which are always tied at the hip. They improve the performance of the parent organization and augment the customer base. In this case, Microsoft’s acquisition of Minecraft is meant to consolidate the gaming community ascribed to Minecraft and secondly expand its profitability. Some analysts argue that with the large game community of Microsoft’s Xbox and its diversity as a different sort of player, then millions of gamers will be attached to Microsoft’s products and what that means is profitability. With the SBU in mind, the evaluation of these levels of strategic ana lysis and planning is important. Different levels of analysis exist which include: These steps are to be discussed into details showing how each step could help Microsoft in its new acquisition, how to consolidate that market and what should be done and how it ought to be done so that the SBU in Minecraft is

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the 'fair trade' social Essay

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the 'fair trade' social movement as a mechanism to reduce global inequalities - Essay Example eginnings in the Netherlands with the Max Havelaar label, the concept of fair trade has now grown into an international movement that buys produce direct from farmers and cooperatives in 48 countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America. The promise of fair trade is simple: that the producer will be paid a fair price for his or her product over a guaranteed long-term period, protecting farmers in poor countries from the vagaries of a volatile world market. Fair-trade labelling schemes now operate in 19 countries. Growth has been so rapid that an international coordinating body -- the Fair-trade Labelling Organisation -- has been established to monitor and maintain standards. In the UK, the certification body is called the Fairtrade Foundation, which now gives its stamp of approval to hundreds of products, from snacks such as chocolate brownies to consumer desirables such as t-shirts and footballs. (Barrientos 2006) Growth rates in the fair-trade market would make even the most seasoned capitalist giddy -- sales were up 51 per cent in 2004, and an impressive  £140million rang through shop checkouts under the Fairtrade label in the UK. According to the Fairtrade Foundation, three million fair-trade hot drinks are brewed in the UK every day. There is even a fair-trade lifestyle magazine, New Consumer. All this despite the fact that fair-trade products -- almost by definition -- are more expensive than their conventional competitors. This premium is essentially the price Western consumers are prepared to pay to know that their purchasing decisions are ethically sound. Fair trade has become a major high-street brand, communicating certain ethical qualities about the product to the consumer in a same way that brands such as Gap and Nike sell themselves on beauty and celebrity. Not for nothing are fair-trade products often covered with pictures of smiling farmers explaining how their fair deal has become a lifeline for themselves and their families. Rather than simply

Consultants Report Telecommuting at IBM Indiana Essay

Consultants Report Telecommuting at IBM Indiana - Essay Example Half of the company’s business volume was spread out worldwide. It was in the mid-1980s, however, that the company started to have problems. The profits of the company had started to plunge down. Analysts concluded that the reasons behind the downfall were not many but were strong enough to shake an established company. They were: the bureaucratic and slow-moving setup of the company, maintenance of old business strategies and reluctance to replace them with newer ones, incorrect assessment of business risks. As said by Ducker (1993), it is a business sin to sacrifice tomorrow’s opportunity on the altar of yesterday. This was precisely the reason why IBM got off-track its road to success. Though IBM did try to cope up with the growing trends of the market by introducing a PC in the market almost overnight after Apple introduced the first PC in the mid-1970s but they could actually never get out of the MAINFRAME mask that they had put on themselves. Then the time came wh en IBM was being administered by JOHN AKERS who was a career IBMer in the ear 1985. Since the downfall of the company had already begun several steps were being taken by the administered in order to downsize the company. A summary of the downsizing of the company can be viewed in the attached table. The administered however resigned in the year when despite all his efforts the company continued to lose stocks and suffered major losses in the year 1992.Louis V. Gerstner then replaced the former head of the company. Further downsizing of employees was then consented upon by the management of the company. The establishment of the company’s office in the state of Indiana was an evident example of the problem the company was facing overall. The Indiana office reduced its number of employees to about 30% in the year 1992. The General Manager Operation s for the State of Indiana was foreseeing another cut in the number of employees.  

Introduction to Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction to Law - Essay Example Should any element be absent, their effects vary, and the contract would be rendered either void, voidable or unenforceable, depending on the element missing. Legislation includes the statutes and Acts of Parliament, which are laws that pass through the legislative process of both Houses in order to become law. Some significant statutes passed include the Education (Student Loans) Act of 1998, the Education (Schools) Act of 1997, the Protection from Harassment Act of 1997, the School Inspections Act of 1996, and the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995, among others. This is the law made by judges. Although judges are not allowed to legislate, it is through hearing cases and rendering judgments before the courts that cases become a source of law. The basic concept of this is through the doctrine of stare decisis, which translates, "stand by what has previously been decided." Through stare decisis, a statement of law made by a judge in a case can become binding on subsequent cases and can become the law, by setting precedents for judges in later cases to follow when they find that the ruling of a case held earlier applies to a current case that has similar facts and legal issues. This source is acquired through the UK's participation in the European Union. As an organisation of European States, it has a developed system of internal law directly affects laws of member states. Examples of European Community law are treaties, EU institution's regulations, directives, decisions and recommendations, legal decisions of the European Court of Justice, etc. Legislative Process Before it proceeds to become an Act of Parliament, a bill passes through many stages outlined below: First reading - formal presentation of the bill Second reading - start of debates on principles of the

Civil Disobedience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Disobedience - Essay Example The philosophy behind civil disobedience goes back to classical and biblical sources. Perhaps its most influential exposition can be found in Henry David Thoreau's On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1849), in which he claims that the individual, who grants the state its power in the first place, must follow the dictates of conscience in opposing unjust laws. (Carton 1998) Thoreau's work had an enormous impact on Mohandas Gandhi and the techniques that he employed first to gain Indian rights in South Africa and later to win independence for India. Gandhi developed the notion of satyagraha [Sanskrit: holding to truth], acts of civil disobedience marked by Indian tradition and his own high moral standards and sense of self-discipline. Attracting a huge number of followers from the Indian public, Gandhi was able to use the technique as an effective political tool and play a key role in bringing about the British decision to end colonial rule of his homeland. His was one of the few relati vely unqualified successes in the history of civil disobedience. Civil disobedience in the United States traditionally has been associated with those on the left of the political spectrum, as were most participants in the anti-Vietnam War movement, but toward the end of the 20th century the strategy also began to be employed by those on the right, for example, by those involved in confron

World Music - Authenticity and Ethucs in World Music Essay

World Music - Authenticity and Ethucs in World Music - Essay Example According to Byrne, â€Å"What is considered authentic today was probably some kind of bastard fusion a few years ago.† (â€Å"I Hate World Music†). Similar views are expressed by Sasha Frere-Jones who comments (â€Å"Bingo in Swansea†): â€Å"World music† is a category that does nobody any favors. Entirely disparate performers, like the dapper Brazilian singer-songwriter Caetano Veloso and the African blues guitarist Ali Farka Toure, get lumped together in American record stores simply because they don’t sing exclusively in English. Personally speaking, I do not agree with this at all. I am a fan of fusion music. Not only do such recordings provide us a celestial insight into various vivid and exotic ethnicities of the world, they also offer a unique blend of different cultures to meet our ever-changing tastes. An authentic World Music is spontaneous and preserves the actual events, apart from being directly carried on from cultural tradition. The true music prodigies of the world are those who play not merely for money but primarily for their indomitable passion for music. We talk about ‘Globalization’. Is it only restricted to world business and economical spectrum? If the answer is no, then why can’t we accept the mingling of cultures? In fact, we have already accepted it long time back. If it would not have been so, we would have stuck to burgers and pies rather than extending our taste-buds to pizzas, momos, chowmein, enchiladas, nachos, and endless menu of dishes from all around the globe. For those who are of the opinion that world music is misleading the present youth, I would like to ask, â€Å"When we can encourage multinational companies and rejoice multi-cuisine restaurants, then can’t we have a similar passion for multi-cultured music?† Variety is indeed the spice of life. In our busy and stressful schedules, tuning on to the apt music is a real healer. I

Growth and Potential of International Luxury Fashion Brands Essay Example for Free

Growth and Potential of International Luxury Fashion Brands Essay

The Ways Football Has Affected Society Essay Example for Free

The Ways Football Has Affected Society Essay You should answer ALL parts of ALL questions in this booklet. If you need more space for any answer, use the page(s) provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question. Check that this booklet has pages 2–11 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO YOUR TEACHER AT THE END OF THE ALLOTTED TIME. You are advised to spend 60 minutes answering the questions in this booklet. In the box below, name the large natural environment you have studied. Large natural environment: Question One: patterns A large natural environment is a distinctive part of the earth’s surface and is defined by its common characteristics or elements. Each of these characteristics creates patterns on the earth’s surface. Natural characteristics (elements) of an environment include: climate landforms soils vegetation. Circle the TWO natural characteristics from the list above whose patterns you wish to explain in this question. (a) In the box below, draw an annotated sketch map or diagram of your chosen large natural environment to show the patterns created by TWO natural characteristics of your chosen environment. Title: Key: (b) Fully explain the pattern created by EACH natural characteristic from (a) on your large natural environment. Support your answer with detailed evidence. Characteristic 1: Characteristic 2: Question Two: INTERACTIONs The natural environment is constantly evolving as the elements (characteristics) and processes interact with each other. The level of interaction varies in size (scale) over time and from place to place. Natural characteristics (elements) of an environment include: climate landforms soils vegetation. Circle the TWO natural characteristics from the list above whose patterns you wish to explain in this question. Discuss how the interaction between TWO characteristics varies from place to place in your large natural environment. In your answer, you should: explain how the characteristics interact fully explain how the interaction varies in different parts of the large natural environment use specific detailed evidence to support your answer. You may draw diagrams / maps in the box on page 7 to support your answer. Question Three: PerCEPTIONS Different groups of people and individuals perceive the natural environment in different ways. This perception can change over time. People’s perceptions are shaped by their background, their experiences, and their involvement with the particular natural environment. Name TWO different groups OR individuals linked to the large natural environment you have studied. Group / individual 1: Group / individual 2: (a) Complete the table below to show the perception each group / individual held about this large natural environment at TWO different points in time. In your answer, clearly state each point in time you are referring to, and include supporting evidence from your large natural environment. Group / individual Perception Perception 1 Point in time: Point in time: 2 Point in time: Point in time: (b) Fully explain why each group / individual’s perception has changed over time. Use detailed evidence to support your answer. (i) Group / individual 1: (ii) Group / individual 2: Extra paper for continuing your answers, if required. Clearly number the question. Question number Extra paper for continuing your answers, if required. Clearly number the question. Question number

Travel Motivation: Linking Theory To Practice

Travel Motivation: Linking Theory To Practice Travel means the movement of people between relatively distant geographical locations for any purpose and any duration, with or without any means of transport. Travel also includes relatively short stays between successive movements. Movements between locations requiring only a few minutes are not considered as travel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel). In other meaning, travel can be defined as a journey, a trip or a walk from one place to another place in great distance whether using any transport or without transport. Travel can be for recreational purposes, for tourism, to visit people, for business or for commuting, and may occur for numerous other reasons, such as to obtain health care, migration, fleeing war, etc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel). There are many purposes of travel such as to rest and relax, to meet friends and relatives, to visit and experience new places and also to having fun and enjoying the memorable moment. The young tourist can be defined as youth or young generation or population that age between 16 to 30 years old. In advance, young tourists were neglected by researcher because of they were always being assumed same with the rest tourist population in terms of similarities. Pastor (1991,p.7) states that for too long it has been imagined that young tourists are merely more naive versions of the adult tourist, and that their needs are the same as their elders, but on a smaller, simpler less demanding scale to be considered, in a sense, as sub-requirements. But, actually tourist population was separated in form of age, behavior and motivational factor. Instead, it is claimed that young tourists have a distinct identity, special interests and different needs which distinguish them from adult tourists (Ravon, 1991). This research topic was selected because we never known or never took concern about why people want to travel to overseas or in countries, what inspires them to travel and why they willing to spend their money and time merely just want to explore to other places. Furthermore, we do not have taken concern about the significant of travel, types of person that travel in context of age, behavior and inducement. In addition, tourism industry now increasing quickly to develop and had large potential in order to be major contributor to national economy. At the same time, it can introduce the country to international era with distinctive countrys uniqueness whose can attract various type of tourist to tour. However, every interest or inducement to tour that occurs in tourists themselves are varying because there are various walks of age in tourist population. Hence, we want to study about the young tourists group on their difference of inducement and interest to tour with aged tourists group and what motivates them. After I read all these journals, may be said that a little bit I can understand it and all the issues just now like answered. Especially, the significant or the importance of travel where it can be teaching us about the meaning of life satisfaction, open widest our mind to look the different corner of the world, know the cultural difference elsewhere which we might never known before and give us the experience to socialize and communicate with various type of people. SUMMARY Definition of motivation is general. There is various type of definition that can be used. According to Susan Velez (2008), motivation is the characteristic that is required in order to achieve anything in life; without it you will give up at the first sign of adversity. It is means to inspire and encourage a person to do their best towards something in their life. However, it is a slightly different with the definition of motivation in travel. Travel Motivation: Linking Theory to Practice For the first case study, travel motivation is a critical factor and a driving force behind tourist behavior (Crompton, 1979). The purpose of this study is to review the relevant literature on travel motivation and provides a scenario-based discussion on the applications of travel motivation theories in the industry practice (Huang and Hsu, 2009). This study was conducted by a comprehensive literature review on travel motivations that acknowledged the major theories. Two scenarios are presented and discussed by linking two motivation conceptual schemes, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and Plogs allocentrism/psychocentrism model, to practical issues in travel management (Huang and Hsu, 2009). However, understanding tourists motivation merely imagination because it is very hard to understand different tourists need and wants from various age layer. It is closely related to the theory that applies in travel motivation with practices that theory into the real world. We need to study and understand totally the theory, only then we can fulfill tourist satisfaction according to age layer, their needs in travel, produce experience travel which meant for them and creating the repeat business. Profiling Young Travelers Travel Behavior According to Sung Chae (2009), the purpose of this study is to segment young travelers travel behavior on the basis of travel motivation. It is based on diverse needs and desires on the tourist attributes. Using oblique principal component cluster analysis, this study identified seven factors in travel motivation: Excitement, Tourist Attraction, New Experience, Relaxation, Atmosphere and Remembrance. The results indicate that the Korean young travelers travel behavior was varied between defined factors and different sets of socio-demographic and travel characteristics. The information was gathered by giving the questionnaire to the subject of study. The young tourist more tend to choose vacation that give maximum pleasure, vacation to attracting places so that they would repeat the vacation to that same place, sense new experience that never felt before this, can give satisfaction of resting and relaxing without any interference and pressure, reposed in place that have atmosphere who can cause mood to revel and produce holiday that memorable forever and made as a sweet memory. Travel Motivations and Destination Activities of Young Travelers of Different Ages: An Empirical Study in the United States Several studies have investigated the differences in tourism and destination activities of different age groups of the travelers in the United States. Previous research studies suggest different segments of American travelers exist based upon generational groupings. The findings of the study, based upon 744 respondents, clearly identified two distinct segments of tourists in the age group of 18-23 and 24-30 in terms of travel motivation and destination activities. The results can be used by managers to improve the experience of these two distinct groups of young travelers (Michael, Dana and Dinesh, 2008). In this study, two groups of different age were focused which is generation X (born 1961-1981) and generation Y (born 1982-2000). Through this study, found that both age group that having differences in terms of travel satisfaction, level of travel experience, motivations to travel and travel activities. After that, the result was produces where there are various factors that motivate them to travel and types of travel activities that they want. Some of the factors that motivate them to travel are the desire to travel foreign place, going to coast or island, having romantic holiday with beloved person, returning to place that we have gone before and want to spend time together with family and friends. Some types of travel activities is sightseeing, shopping, partying and celebrating and dining at special restaurant with good atmosphere and food. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based on all research paper, can be deduced that there is tourist from various age layer, gender and standard of living. Through these research papers, a little bit can understand what motivate them to travel, which age group more like to travel and what types of place they like to take a trip. Especially young tourists, they expecting the vacations that gratify most maximum, like to gain new experience or try new materials, and they feel really fortunate if they can go travel to place that all this while they wish although lack of financial resources will be cultivated also. Unfortunately, mostly of young tourists group not emphasizing security matter when travel. Not many of them want a safety vacation such as old tourists. Especially women, because they was barer to various type of danger and threat at night time. Therefore, as a suggestion, they should take several initiatives to prevent thing that did not want to happen. Tell your family and friends on about vacation, keep map when sightseeing, do not carrying goods worth, wearing right clothes such as locals, sensitive with environment or surrounding (especially woman), avoid from dark place and always bring some small tool to defend yourself.

Medicine River Essay -- essays research papers

Medicine River I enjoyed the book Medicine River, by Thomas King as well as the movie, which was based on the book. Although there were profound differences between the two, they were both pleasantly constructed. Having been instructed to read the book first, I was able to experience the full effect of the story and the message that the author intended for his readers. Although the book and the movie clearly relayed the same story, I would’ve better enjoyed the movie if it had included more incidents from the book, such as the visit from Harlen Bigbear’s estranged brother, and the ‘bridge jump’. I also wish the producer would have incorporated the many flashbacks that the main protagonist, Will, had from his youth. For example, the letters written by his father to his mother; the stories about his mother and her best friend; and the relationship with his brother James, namely, the childhood pranks that they played on one another. I am, however, aware of the time constrain ts involved when producing a motion picture, and I realize that the script had to be somewhat altered considering the medium at hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found the book to be easy, exciting reading because the story line was very realistic and easily relatable. This book flowed for me to a point when, at times, it was difficult to put down. Several scenes pleasantly caught me off guard and some were extremely hilarious, namely, the visit to Martha Oldcrow. I found myself really fond of the char...

Russians and Americans Essay -- essays research papers

Russians and Americans Americans often think that they have a better chance of finding a common ground with aliens from outer space than with "resident aliens" from Russia. Frequently Russian immigrants feel exactly the same way about their American co-workers, classmates and even spouses. A key to gaining and sustaining a mutual respect in cross-cultural relationships is an understanding of distinctive cultural norms of people from different countries. Without going too deep into historical and psychological aspects of typical Americans’ and Russians’ behaviors and traditions, let us look at a few dissimilarities between representatives of these two cultures. In Russia, children are customarily expected to stay with their parents in the same apartment or live nearby, and parents are often very upset when children move away. This closeness arises not necessarily by choice, but by deep-rooted traditions and, later on, by difficulties in getting a separate apartments. Many older people feel that several generations should still live together. Also, Russian grandmothers feel that it is their duty to raise grandchildren; in many cases they are involved in their childrens’ live much more than parents are and they greatly enjoy it. In the USA it is customary for the younger generation to leave home right after high school, often moving across the country to start college or a new job, and live in his or her own apartment or house. The older generation is even glad, when this move occurs, and happily builds plans for a free life that starts when "children are out of the house." Traditionally, Russian men are breadwinners, and wives are house-makers and full-time mothers. After the revolution in 1917, the majority of women entered the workforce, but people's mentality has not changed. All household duties are still considered a woman's responsibility, even if she works longer hours than her husband or makes more money. Lately, in the most "modern" families, husbands have started to take on more household duties, but in the majority of families, the situation remains the same as a hundred years ago. In the USA, if both spouses work outside the home, it is a norm to share responsibilities for housekeeping and for spending time with children. More so, it is quite normal for fathers in America to take care of children after work, even i... ...k for it beforehand. If a person get caught for a traffic violation he or she better give a policeman money right away even if the person did not actually speed; otherwise that person might loose not only his or her license, but also, for a few days, his or her freedom. Americans mostly mind their own business when it comes to somebody else's demeanor or behavior as long as it does not directly disturb them. Russians on the other hand, especially older folks, very often make it their business to know other people’s business. They might on the length of a persn’t dress or the misbehavior of a child and complement this opinion with a full lecture on appropriate clothing or upbringing of youngsters. In general, Americans are individualists and Russians are collectivists. This essay is the comparison of two great different nations, which are similar and different at the same time in our views and desires, aspirations, concerns and prejudices. It seems that Americans have much of an open mind than Rusians. Russians are very conservative. In most of cases it is difficult for them to a change in their beliefs. For the Americans freedom is good, but it is nothing without responsibility.

Self-Worth and Moral Knowledge :: Philosophy Morals Traditions Papers

Self-Worth and Moral Knowledge I argue that persons are unlikely to have moral knowledge insofar as they lack certain moral virtues; that persons are commonly deficient in these virtues, and hence that they are regularly unlikely to have adequate moral knowledge. I propose a version of this argument that employs a broad conception of self-worth, a virtue found in a wide range of moral traditions that suppose a person would have an appropriate sense of self-worth in the face of tendencies both to overestimate and underestimate the value of one’s self. I begin by noting some distinctive features of this argument that distinguish it from more common arguments for moral skepticism. This is followed by an elucidation of the virtue of self-worth. I then consider some connections between self-worth and moral knowledge and, more briefly, the extent of self-worth among persons. Finally, I respond to the objection that the argument is incoherent because it presupposes moral knowledge that it later undermines. My aim is to offer a brief defense of an argument for a moderate moral skepticism that is rooted in morality itself as often understood. In general form, the argument is based on the contention that persons are unlikely to have moral knowledge insofar as they lack certain moral virtues; it continues with the claim that persons are commonly deficient in these virtues, and it concludes that they are regularly unlikely to have adequate moral knowledge. I will propose a version of this argument that employs a broad conception of self-worth, a virtue found in a wide range of moral traditions that suppose a person should have an appropriate sense of self-worth in the face of tendencies both to overestimate and underestimate the value of one's self. I begin by noting some distinctive features of this argument that distinguish it from more common arguments for moral skepticism (section I). This is followed by an elucidation of the virtue of self-worth (section II). I then consider some connections between self-worth and moral knowledge (sections III and IV), and, more briefly, the extent of self-worth among persons (section V). Finally, I respond to an objection that may be made against this argument (section VI). I. The argument I defend here is in several respects different than familiar arguments for moral skepticism. First, moral skeptics often purport to show that there is no moral knowledge and sometimes that there can be none. (1) The present argument claims only that persons commonly are likely to be deficient in moral knowledge and hence that there is less moral knowledge among persons than might be thought.

Ethnic differences essay Essay

?Asses the claim that â€Å"ethnic differences in educational achievement are primarily the result of school factors† Most studies found that overall ethnic minorities tend to do less well than other members of the population when it comes to educational achievement. Many factors which occur inside the school are the cause of educational achievement however other factors contribute. The expectations of teachers on ethnic minorities have caused differences in educational achievement. Bernard Coard believes that teachers expect â€Å"Black† children to fail therefore labelling the child as a failure. Interactionalists are concerned with how teachers â€Å"pigeonhole† students this is the labelling theory, this is where the teacher makes a judgement of the child based on the child’s appearance, behaviour, previous family members and relationships with other students. However most labels are based on stereotypes rather than evidence, the reality is that once a label starts it is difficult to get rid of and this can cause problems for a student’s educational achievement. Teachers will discuss the students label in the staff room and other teachers will attach the same label to the child and this can lead to the child not being allowed to attend school trips. If a student is labelled as a failure by a teacher then the teacher is likely to put the student into a lower tier exam thus the pupil can only achieve a maximum of a grade C and can’t achieve to the best of their ability. When a student is labelled as a failure the student can begin to believe that the label is true and begin to make it part of their part of their identity, become a failure this is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy thus creating ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. David Hardgreves argues that anti school sub cultures can be formed as a result of negative labelling. However Maureen Stone and Swann both indicate that those who are labelled may not accept their labels. However many sociologists argue that it is external factors that affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Cultural Deprivation is the term used to describe serious inadequacies in the socialisation process and its effects on educational achievement. Poor parenting means children underachieving in education. Many sociologists argue that ethnic minorities tend to be more fatalistic meaning that parents tend to have low aspirations and expectations for their child meaning less emphasis is placed on doing well in education. Whereas â€Å"White† middle classes would have high aspirations and high expectations. Socialisation focuses on the values, expectations and norms transmitted from parents to children. Children from Ethnic backgrounds tend to focus on immediate gratification where they try to reep their rewards at the earliest opportunity such as leaving school at 16 to earn money. Whereas â€Å"White† middle class children aim for a bright future described as deferred gratification which is putting off short term rewards to gain better rewards in the future. Cultural Deprivation can affect the way parents prepare their children for school. Working class children would sit and watch T. V. whereas middle class parents would take their children to museums. Driver and Ballard state that high achievement in Asian groups may be linked to the fact that they live in close knit families that can help each other. Price highlighted a high rate of single parent families in black Caribbean communities which may explain high underachievement. Nevertheless, some sociologists argue that it is internal factors which affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Institutional Racism within schools can lead to educational achievement and the differences it causes within ethnic minorities. The â€Å"Swann report† found that a small number of teachers are consciously racist however there are a great deal of teachers who are â€Å"unintentionally† racist. Bernard Coard states that the British educational system makes children become educationally subnormal he states that â€Å"West Indian children are told that their language is second rate and unacceptable† he states that within the British educational system the word â€Å"White† is associated with â€Å"good† and the word â€Å"Black† with evil. Coard also states that the attitudes portrayed in the classroom are reinforced by the pupils outside of the classroom. Many sociologists would also argue that the mispronunciation of student’s names and not learning them can be classed as racism within the school system. Cecile Wright found that majority of staff are committed to ideals of equality but despite these ideals there are still considerable amounts of discrimination in the classroom. Asian children were often excluded from discussions and teachers expressed an â€Å"open disapproval of their customs and traditions†, these comments from teachers made Asian children feel more isolated from other pupils. Martin Hammersley found that racist comments in the staffroom did not lead to racism in the classroom. J. Taylor found that â€Å"most teachers are concerned to have a fair policy towards the treatment of black pupils†. Mac an Ghaill studied 25 afro Caribbean and Asian students studying A levels. He found that â€Å"although they disagreed over the extent of racism within education, this did not directly determine their attitude to education and their levels of academic success. The way that students responded to schooling varied and this was influenced by their ethnic group†. This could eventually lead to the formation of anti-school sub cultures. These are pupils who have rejected some or all of the values and rules set down in the school ethos. Peter Woods identified 8 different groups ranging from Ingratiation total conformity to Rebellion outright rejection of school rules and values. This can cause ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. However other factors such as linguistic skills affect this achievement. Linguistic Deprivation is the ability to use appropriate language which is an important factor in educational success. Bernstein came up with two codes of language Restricted and Elaborate codes. The Restricted code is used in casual situations. This is limited vocabulary and Simplistic grammar which can only be understood if you are aware of this topic. The Elaborate code is used in formal situations. This is sophisticated grammar and vocabulary and can be understood if aware of the topic. Bernstein found that White middle class children had the ability to switch between the two codes whereas children from ethnic minorities were limited to using the restricted code. This means they are severely disadvantaged in education where the language is all formal. In conclusion, it is probable that a number of factors work together in producing the lower levels of achievement found in some ethnic groups. The Swann report concluded that racial discrimination inside and outside school along with social deprivation were probably the main factors. Others would add that cultural factors also play some part in explaining the differences.

Potential Energy Essay

electric potency naught is a type of push that does non involve motion. It is the sinew that is stored up. The much(prenominal) work through with(p) to change an disapproves position or shape, the more potential push it has. For example, a nearone on a ladder has more potential push button than a person on the ground because they have done more work to get up there. Kinetic expertnessKinetic Energy is the power of motion. The more work an aspiration has done, the more kinetic energy it has. the beat of kinetic energy an object has cease be calculated by the normal KE = 1/2 MV2It can be defined as the works call for to accelerate an object of a indisputable mass from rest to its stated velocity. thermic EnergyThermal Energy is the energy an object has related to temperature. It comes from all of the energy of the particles in an object. Typically, objects with a higher temperature force out more thermal energy than objects with a lower temperature because thei r atoms and molecules move faster. Within any energy conversion, there is thermal energy emitted.Chemical Energy Chemical Energy is the potential of a chemical substance to put up with a transformation through a chemical reaction. An example would be food that is digested becoming chemical energy or batteries and light bulbs. Chemical energy is released when the energy of a compound changes.Electrical EnergyElectrical energy comes from negatively charges electrons. Usually, electrons be transferred through a wire. However, in some cases, such as lightning, electrons are not contained in a wire.

Democratic Nation Essay

land in its ancient concept is a dishy idea. It tauts a government by the heap and for the good deal. Democracy empowers the people regardless of their social billet and it promises license to exercise ideas and to choose the kind of vitality that we want. Democracy gives us a liberty of self-expression. emancipation is such an important element of commonwealth presently in contrast to absolutism of the dictatorial and bossy rule.Basham quoted from Welzel which says, at this point in history, body politic has a positive image almost everywhere, but these favorable opinions atomic number 18 a good deal superficial, and unless they ar accompanied by deeper-rooted orientations of tolerance, trust, and a participatory outlook, the chances are poor that potent democracy will be present at the societal level (Basham, p. 3). Democracy as a semi semipolitical re remains that emerged in western and Asian countries almost centuries ago began to saturate the whole militar y personnel.In this part, it is important to look into tenablenesss why Iraq has to be elected based on its political, social, and cultural conditions, as discussed below. Iraq has for some years been under tyrannical rule of ibn Talal Hussein Hussein and many of its citizens are dreaming of freedom under a elective rule. Paul fragrant bedstraw asserts, no one sleeps well in absolutism because the tyrant knows no law, and he is a misgiving to his people (p. 64). In many democratic countries it was quite a evidence that citizens enjoys more freedom and self-expression than in non-democratic countries. hence the blessings of democracy are that it guaranties our freedom to exercise our highest capacities trance it protects us from our worst tendencies. (p. 3) As the rule of tyranny ended, Iraq is now underway to perish a democratic country under the guidance of the United States. but the imposing question is can Iraq overcome the ch onlyenges it faces to become a democratic nation? As we all know, Iraq have non emerged all the same completely from the rubbles of close brought about by the war against the US light-emitting diode coalition to oust the tyrant ruler.Frequent dangerous bombings that are killing many innocent people continues to pose threat to the safety of its people and of everyone which are clear indications that the fangs of tyranny are still springy and giving signal of its desire to regain their power. The case of Afghanistan reminds us of the tyrannical rule of the Taliban who were toppled by the US backed anti Taliban Afghan forces but they persevere a threat to the reign of peace and freedom in the Afghan people.Aside from the unstable political and social condition in Iraq that poses contest to animate political and social structure, Hugh Starkey noted that the displacement of individuals and pull down groups, by war and the dire economic conditions as well as the political movements based on ethnic, religious and narrowl y nationalist ideologist (p. 23) not only poses challenge but threaten democracy as well.But amidst this political and social riddle, Starkey forceful the need of gentility in general, and education for citizenship in particular if Iraq has to embrace democracy, for it provide the mechanism for infection those core shared values that are all important(p) if just and peaceful democratic societies are to be develop (p. 23). It means that the challenges that threaten the existing political and social structure and the democracy can be subdue if an intensified educational approach are implemented focusing both on the education in general and education for citizenship in particular. some other question that needs answer is whether Iraq is prepared politically, socially, and culturally for democracy. In the survey conducted by Freedom home base conducted from 1981 to 2002 that measures the values and beliefs of people in seventy countries regarding the lodges level of democracy. Th e survey concluded that for Moslem countries, the prospects for democracy are particularly poor (Basham, p. 3). The dry land for this finding was that, for Moslem people democracy is debatable but better than any other form of government.Though, they have a poor prospect for democracy but the chance for acceptability is positive. Another reason that has to be considered is that, Iraqis has anti-American sentiment that is so distributive though which, according to Ottaway, et. al, the Middle East nowadays lacks the domestic conditions that set the stage for democratic channel elsewhere (cited by Basham, p. 4). Religion is another figure for non-democratization of Iraq in which many of the practices and tradition of people in the democratic countries are very distinct from the Islamic faith.For instance, separation of authority and rights of both gender tag the difference. Democracy is hinder to gender equality. Culturally, Iraq instructmed to be impromptu for democratic. In another study conducted, of the 150 tribes in Iraq, seventy-five percent of them exercised the terms primordial allegiances. In one example of this according to Basham is that, most Iraqis befool political nepotism as a moral profession rather than a civic problem (p.5), as such a strong family bonds is still overriding as in marriages between first or second cousins is still of significance in the companionship.This societys condition is another hindrance in the democratization of Iraq according to Basham. Accordingly, the greater challenge that Iraq faces is the challenge of democracy it self. Audrey Osler noted that even in the most proudly democratic societies, significant inequalities remain sections of the commonwealth maybe marginalized and anti democratic forces misuse freedom of speech to promote xenophobia and nationalistic populism (p. 23).Democracy is often identified with what the traditional societies see in it, what they see in democracy is a cultural devastat ion caused by American-style freedoms (p. 6). Embracing democracy therefore could mean allowing western values of economic and especially political freedom to dominate the society. Thus, the question that must be answered is Does Iraq need democracy? Certainly democracy is not the immediate answer to the political and social problem of Iraq but in the end it will mold more economic benefits, peace, and social order.As Bruce M. Russett puts it, in the modern international system, democracies have almost neer fought all(prenominal) other (p. 4). What Russett meant for this is that democracies rarely fight each other because they have other means of resolving power conflict. Therefore, the more democracies there are in the world the fewer potential adversaries will have the wider the district of peace (p. 4). Ayers noted, Iraqis are cognizant of their situation yet they remain to what they are because of fear out of intuition to Americans and democratic life (p. 5).

National Cranberry Cooperative

field of study CRANBERRY CO-OPERATIVE shield flying field * Nishi Sharma In 1971, guinea pig Cran pluck conjunct confront hap direct(a) troubles that affected the productiveness and affinity of NCC to growers. This epitome for adhesive friction fast treat how NCC so-and-so m exterminate its mental subroutine out front the treetop- assuage comes in. The psycho synopsis was base from facts cited in the berth, utilise tools such as scarce non modified to touch on melt down plat, hail, advances and purpose abbreviation, and playact- outcome schedule.The issuer recomm exterminates ascendent that result non vindicatory wee-wee better NCCs trading movements besides bequeath e very(prenominal)placely attach recognised downs content and neutralise-off its equal on that pointby lead to long conservations for the growers. task control/ agitate wind Issues This baptistery abridgment leave al wizarding enquire 2 elemental pr oblems face by NCC (1) vast wait check of trucks during regorge off of berries at RP1 and (2) excessively very much over sequence terms. This eccentric person lead excessively determinek at a assistary problem, specific ingrainedlyy, the inaccuracy of tearing down of berries. rein intensityment c adapted It is prerequisite to turn the trucks queuing problem in 1970 in regulate to run across NCCs mean gain in railroad siding of piss harvested do spirt from 58% to 70% the undermenti iodind year. The queuing/ fantastic eon during discharge a alike(p) creates gratuitous hail especially the greet of leasing trucks and hiring drivers. Also, Cranberries market terms is influenced by the regime linguistic rule Cran cull market dedicate 1070, which mandates owners to chip 10% or 200,000 put of harvested crops, on that pointby diminution income for the similar visions utilise.With this, it is classical that NCC wish its alternatives pr operly including scheduling of custody (seasonal full-time) to take the price like the tautologic time pay. With the salute amounting to $112,500 ($450,000/20. 5) incurred for pay extra premiums to second tar bum around berries, it is crucial to pick up at the place transit and appreciate the bring for instal an equipment that poop attention centre the express come up. Alternatives The pursuance be the alternatives proposed by Mr. Williston 1. To taint and prove bleak prohibitionisters 2. modify ironical pick belongings stash aways to computer memory piss harvested or juice little(prenominal) berries 3. repositing depress measure dust for discolor order lick draw topic CRANBERRIES CO-OPERATIVE Assumptions We mystify fabricated that in that location is a cost associated with trucks delay to be deliver and it is $5 per minute of arc. We extradite non considered per time of day ope t construe cost of coif overtime for most(prenominal) rule-governed and image time proletarian has been taken to be $ 6. 50 per bit. In reckon the requital time, the comparable(p) cost saving impart come up both twenty-four minute period.It is apt(p) in case that wonky berries depart invite 70 % of core berries and that design running instants for engraft is 11 (12-1) moments. lawsuit 1 myriad gun barrel/ side true side echt twenty-four bit period compressed Berries (WB) ( 7000 cask/day juiceless Berries (DB) ( 3000 barrel/day centre period = 11 Hrs WB feast=7000/11 = 637 barrel/hr DB nutriment= 3000/11 = 273 gun barrel/hr negligible affect govern for WB is at tee rack upers, which is = 600 drum/hr tokenish force come out for DB is = 1500 cask/hr Hence, after 11 hours substance compendium of WB = (637-600)*11 = 407 barrel extra time = 407/600 = 0. 7 hrsNow, assuming this is non a peak season, we possess considered solely 27 workers. Since plant is running(a) subop timal take aim during overtime , sole(prenominal) dickens-third of the work force allow be working on stung berries ironicing surgery. =2/3 work force = 20*(2/3) = 12 nest egg per day = 12 * 6. 5= 78 nest egg for season = 78* 90 = 7020 If we adjoin both(prenominal) former(a) modifyer, to impart birth overtime cost, cost entrust be = cd00 summary Considering the cost of derogation and cost of coronation in tee pither(8-10%) it go away non be sparing to barter for some new(prenominal) ironicaler.theme Cran cull conjunctive incident enshroud theme Cran cull conjunctive gormandize in your public figure in the header. enliven contract the designation collaboration Guidelines in trend computer programme quislingism betwixt groups is not allowed however, if you learn something from some other group, interest halt back a reference. Below, salve your resolves to Questions 1-4 (on BB/ results). Your analysis should be free-base on the assumption s listed in the course. If you wish to make sur as desex assumptions to resolving power a wonder, intelligibly defer them, logically patronize them, and consequently slip by to resolve the headway accordingly.The persuasion is to coif the inquirys concisely. reitepace position is preferred, 1. 5-line place is the token(prenominal) (consider the proofreaders centerfield strain). 1. severalise the readiness and utilisation of apiece(prenominal) resource in the dish out scat plot at the end of this document. briefly decipher how you prefigure the efficacy and practice session here. 20 points On average, 18000 position experience over the 12hr coupling that the wrinkle is open. This center somewhat 1500 position of berries atomic number 18 stimulant drug into the mental cargon for per hour (18000 placed/12hrs). The might of the Kiwanee tipper lorrys was give as 3000 b/hr. and I was fitting to channelize the implied enjoyment by di viding the cull stimulus lay by the susceptibility(1500cask/hr break open by 3000 barrel/hr). To maneuver the developed use of the tippers, you moldiness foremost fixate the attend ramble of the establishment. to a greater extent(prenominal)over 25% of the berries atomic number 18 modify and 75% be askew. This sums to 375 tee integrality berries per hour (1500 stimulant/hr x. 25) and 1125 preposterous berries per hour (1500 stimulant x . 75). The run wry berries necessitate 16 lay ins that handle 250 put a piece, corresponding up to a gibe of cd0 berries that great deal be workshopd. The roiled berries harbor 8 bins that clutch pedal 250 position and 3 bins that concord 400 barrel, minimal brain damageing up to 3200 place be for retentivity.The subject of the DeSt whizrs was presumption as 1500 cask/hr. The implied physical exercise would be the introduce valuate (1500 barrel/hr) split by the subject matter (1500 drum/hr). Since the stymie does not r distributively the wry berries, the existent and implied recitation go out be the same for the prohibitionist berries in all facets of the achievement. The might of the Dechaffers for the prohibitionist berries was similarly effrontery as 1500 gun barrel/hr and erst over once more the implied and tangible habit testament be 1. 0. teddy to the irritated Berries, we see that in that respect be two Dechaffers that crapper each store up to 1500cask/hr, which go out pass on up to a electrical condenser of 3000 gun barrel/hr.We tin bay window forecast the implied usage of the wonky pluck Dechaffer by dividing the comment step (1500bbl/hr) by the force (3000bbl/hr) and the unfeigned utilisation by dividing the work dictate (600bbl/hr) by the mental rejective (3000bbl/hr). The alter outers set the mensuration for the unshakable berries because they atomic number 18 the coarctation of the operation. thither argon terz etto dryers that bay window summons 200bbl/hr, big(p) us a mindt and soul cogency of 600bbl/hr. The implied role is not very true to life(predicate) because it takes the 1500bbl/hr comment str subjoinle and classs it by the 600bbl/hr depicted object. The developed function of a hinder is unceasingly 1. because it is run at level best mental object. Lastly, thither atomic number 18 terzettosome separators that mark a contentedness of 400bbl/hr each, bragging(a) us a quantity of 1200bbl/hr. The implied employ for bring down be observe as 1. 25 because you be winning the 1500bbl/hr insert yard and dividing it by 1200bbl/hr contentedness. The essential work stinker be make by 600bbl/hr ( firm berries) improver 375bbl/hr (dry berries) and exploitation them as your commentary sum up. So you exit divide the 975bbl/hr by 1200bbl/hr subject matter and get . 8125. 2. precede your closure and reenforcement arguments for straits 2 here. 10 point s The accepted level best throughput set is 975bbl/hr. 75bbl/hr displace be polished by the dry berries because they engage the cogency to living at level best capableness. On the rigid pick side, the action is slowed by the dryers, which rede the stymy of the operation. Since the dryers disregard al single touch 600bbl/hr, we testament add the 600bbl/hr and the 375bbl/hr to get a summation of 975bbl/hr. 3. degrade your arrange and sustenance arguments for point 3 here. 30 points * jut devoted over diagram 4. show your resoluteness and bread and butter arguments for pass 4 here. 40 points The assertable with child(p) coronations I use were adding wiz more dryer, and swapping maven bin from the dry berry operation to the nettled berry.Buying the twenty percent Kiwanee tipper lorry was a conduct investment because the real object should be to adjoin your chokepoint to hotfoot up the operation. The power of the dumpers is 600bbl/hr, so hav ing one less dumper would exactly(prenominal) drop this to 2400bbl/hr. The throughput drift of the inbuilt organization is precisely 975bbl/hr, so the condense in the end should be saturnine to join on the efficiency of the dryers or else of the dexterity of the dumpers. The accustomed travel by spreadsheet allow for relieve the supreme benefits of the proposed great(p) investments I set out offered. volume and ravisher Separators C = 1200b/hrU = 1. 25, . 8125 juicelessers C =600 b/hrU = 2. 5, 1. Destoners C =1500b/hrU =1. 0, 1. 0 Kiwanee Dumpers C = 3000b/hrU = . 5, . 325 Trucks in line up Bins 1-16 computer memory board =4000 Bins 17-27 computer memory = 3200 Dechaffers C = 1500b/hrU = 1. 0, 1. 0 juiceless berries 375. bbl/hr wealthy berries 1125 bbl/hr Dechaffers C = 3000b/hrU = . 5, . 20 mess and smasher Separators C = 1200b/hrU = 1. 25, . 8125 dryers C =600 b/hrU = 2. 5, 1. 0 Destoners C =1500b/hrU =1. 0, 1. 0 Kiwanee Dumpers C = 3000b/hrU = . 5, . 325 Trucks in queue up Bins 1-16 computer retentiveness =4000 Bins 17-27 fund = 3200 Dechaffers C = 1500b/hrU = 1. 0, 1. 0 Dry berries 375. bbl/hr stringent berries 1125 bbl/hr Dechaffers C = 3000b/hrU = . 5, . 20 study Cranberry cooperativeCase tell subject ara Cranberry conjunct filling in your name in the header. delight read the assignment coaction Guidelines in configuration Syllabus quislingism among groups is not allowed however, if you hear something from some other group, disport give a reference. Below, write your coiffes to Questions 1-4 (on BB/Cases). Your analysis should be establish on the assumptions listed in the Syllabus. If you pauperization to make additive assumptions to effect a heading, clearly maintain them, logically make them, and wherefore proceed to conclude the interrogative accordingly.The thinking is to repartee the questions concisely. prototype spacing is preferred, 1. 5-line spacing is the negligible (consider the read ers affection strain). 1. accent the skill and usage of each resource in the crop hang diagram at the end of this document. curtly cast how you elabo respect the depicted object and physical exercise here. 20 points On average, 18000 position get down over the 12hr swing out that the transmission line is open. This meat rough 1500 set of berries argon scuttlebutt signal into the summons per hour (18000barrels/12hrs). The competency of the Kiwanee dumpers was given as 3000 b/hr. and I was able to count on the implied practice session by dividing the berry remark localize by the electrical condenser(1500bbl/hr divide by 3000bbl/hr). To figure the echt drill of the dumpers, you essential outgrowth larn the hightail it step of the system. solo 25% of the berries ar dry and 75% ar mingy. This sums to 375 dry berries per hour (1500 stimulus/hr x. 25) and 1125 pissed off berries per hour (1500 arousal x . 75). The dry berries pretend 16 bins tha t hold 250 barrels a piece, adding up to a total of 4000 berries that offer be stored. The flush berries discombobulate 8 bins that hold 250 barrels and 3 bins that hold 400 barrels, adding up to 3200 barrels total for storage.The efficiency of the DeStoners was given as 1500bbl/hr. The implied example would be the stimulation pass judgment (1500bbl/hr) divided by the subject (1500 bbl/hr). Since the coarctation does not impact the dry berries, the real(a) and implied usage allow be the same for the dry berries in all facets of the operation. The electrical message of the Dechaffers for the dry berries was as well given as 1500 bbl/hr and once again the implied and authentic workout impart be 1. 0. turn to the soused Berries, we see that there ar two Dechaffers that ordure each store up to 1500bbl/hr, which giveing add up to a force of 3000bbl/hr.We flock augur the implied engagement of the lactating berry Dechaffer by dividing the stimulant rate (1500bb l/hr) by the capacity (3000bbl/hr) and the echt physical exertion by dividing the issue pass judgment (600bbl/hr) by the capacity (3000bbl/hr). The Dryers set the tired for the wet berries because they are the blockade of the operation. in that location are trinity dryers that basis process 200bbl/hr, braggart(a) us a total capacity of 600bbl/hr. The implied recitation is not very true-to-life(prenominal) because it takes the 1500bbl/hr enter rate and divides it by the 600bbl/hr capacity. The existing employment of a blockade is ceaselessly 1. because it is operating at utmost capacity. Lastly, there are three separators that boast a capacity of 400bbl/hr each, good-looking us a total of 1200bbl/hr. The implied economic consumption forget be spy as 1. 25 because you are winning the 1500bbl/hr stimulant drug rate and dividing it by 1200bbl/hr capacity. The existent utilization corporation be found by 600bbl/hr (wet berries) plus 375bbl/hr (dry berries) and exploitation them as your input rate. So you go away divide the 975bbl/hr by 1200bbl/hr capacity and get . 8125. 2. visualize your answer and backup arguments for question 2 here. 10 points The new upper limit throughput rate is 975bbl/hr. 75bbl/hr fuck be affect by the dry berries because they harbor the big businessman to act upon at utmost capacity. On the wet berry side, the process is slowed by the dryers, which guard the blockade of the operation. Since the dryers can provided process 600bbl/hr, we will add the 600bbl/hr and the 375bbl/hr to get a total of 975bbl/hr. 3. slip in your answer and reinforcement arguments for question 3 here. 30 points * lift up tie diagram 4. put down your answer and bread and butter arguments for question 4 here. 40 points The thinkable upper-case letter investments I used were adding one more dryer, and swapping one bin from the dry berry operation to the wet berry.Buying the one-fifth Kiwanee dumper was a ill-conceived inve stment because the real object should be to increase your hinder to drive on up the operation. The capacity of the dumpers is 600bbl/hr, so having one less dumper would tho drop this to 2400bbl/hr. The throughput rate of the spotless system is only 975bbl/hr, so the concentrate in the long run should be rancid to increase the capacity of the dryers instead of the capacity of the dumpers. The attached stick out spreadsheet will relieve the crowning(prenominal) benefits of the proposed great investments I gestate offered. deal and pedestal Separators C = 1200b/hrU = 1. 25, . 8125 Dryers C =600 b/hrU = 2. 5, 1. Destoners C =1500b/hrU =1. 0, 1. 0 Kiwanee Dumpers C = 3000b/hrU = . 5, . 325 Trucks in align Bins 1-16 storage =4000 Bins 17-27 storage = 3200 Dechaffers C = 1500b/hrU = 1. 0, 1. 0 Dry berries 375. bbl/hr mingy berries 1125 bbl/hr Dechaffers C = 3000b/hrU = . 5, . 20 wad and udder Separators C = 1200b/hrU = 1. 25, . 8125 Dryers C =600 b/hrU = 2. 5, 1. 0 Deston ers C =1500b/hrU =1. 0, 1. 0 Kiwanee Dumpers C = 3000b/hrU = . 5, . 325 Trucks in queue Bins 1-16 storage =4000 Bins 17-27 storage = 3200 Dechaffers C = 1500b/hrU = 1. 0, 1. 0 Dry berries 375. bbl/hr nettled berries 1125 bbl/hr Dechaffers C = 3000b/hrU = . 5, . 20