Applicability of Green Engineering in Construction

Question: Discuss about the Applicability of Green Engineering in Construction Management. Answer: Description about chosen methodology Research methodology is concerned as the detailed process of research processes that leads to the common errors and also creates limits within the research process (Bauer 2014). The concerned methodology is being elaborated in this part of the assignment. Method Outline In contrast with the research topic Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management, the selected research philosophy is positivism that helps in gaining the information based on appropriate logic and evaluation (Choy 2014). However, this research is utilizing the descriptive design processing in this research. Research Philosophy Research philosophy is nothing but the process of evaluating one particular topic that varies and the selection of the research philosophy needs to be effective with appropriate alignment (Dumay and Cai 2015). Positivism is chosen as the research philosophy that offers logical representation of hidden facts. All of these descriptions are provided as with scientific measurements (Flick 2015). Therefore, the positivism rejects the detailed observations and knowledge collections that are enabled during the research process. Justification for choosing concerned philosophy Positivism is selected for this research as the current contexts of the research needs the better analysis and about the information related to data sources (Gast and Ledford 2014). In addition to this, the nature of the study is time limited so the interpretive study was rejected to be implied on this aspect. The manipulations of data are concerned with the process of neglecting the errors involved within the datasets collected. Research Approach Inductive research approach is chosen for this research process. In addition to this, inductive approach is considered as the needed method for this research and enough data can be managed with this research approach (Lushey and Munro 2015). Conversely, the deductive approaches are used for making the research topic established about the previously established norms and policies. In contrast with these facts, this research paper is considering deductive research approach. Justification for choosing concerned research approach Deductive approach is considered as selected research approach. In contrast with these facts, the researcher is concerned this research approach as Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management research topic can only be analyzed and tested with respect to various critical aspects involved within the research (Reynolds et al. 2014). Data Analysis Data are mainly considered for supporting the chosen research methodology and research findings during the research process. In contrast with these facts, the research is managed with the help of data collection processes (Silverman 2016). This segment of the research methodology provides data collection methods and process of data sampling processes. Data Collection Procedure The concerned data collection procedures are concerned in this section and also this can be managed with the help of various critical aspects involved within the segmentation of research processes and data collection methodologies (Smith 2015). Data Sources: Primary and Secondary Data sources are mainly defined as the primary and secondary resources of any research process. The research topic concerned in this research is Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management. In contrast with these facts, there is various critical aspects that can be managed with the help of these data resources (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Primary and secondary sources are considered for this research paper for managing the collected data involved within the research processing involved within the research. In contrast with these facts, primary data is considered for managing the exact data for collecting data to support the research process and experiments (Bauer 2014). In addition to this, there are various aspect that needs to be checked with respect to the secondary data involved within the research process. In addition to this, this section of the research methodology elaborates the primary and secondary data collection methods in this segment. Data Collection Techniques Qualitative and Quantitative Qualitative and quantitative both data collection process and methodologies are utilized in this research process and research findings are established with respect to these information gained with respect to various critical aspects involved within the research methodology concerned with research processes (Choy 2014). Literature resources concerned with the research process are managed for secondary method applied on the research and the primary data is nothing but the process of collecting data from the resources directly and for this aspect the accuracy of information is maintained with respect to various critical aspects involved within the data collection from resources. Sampling techniques The concerned sampling techniques are concerned with the processes and methods that are mainly used buy the resources within the research process. In contrast with these facts, there are various dependencies involved within the research process that needs sampling techniques for databases (Dumay and Cai 2015). Therefore, the sampling technique is very important to be analyzed and tested with respect to various critical aspects. In contrast with all of these facts, the simple random probability sampling and statistical approach for sampling of data are utilized with respect to various aspects involved within the research process (Flick 2015). In contrast with these facts, the regression analysis is considered for managing the research processes as well as for managing the data collection processes involved within the research process. Tools used for Research Methodologies There are various research methodologies that are used for managing the research data collection. Research methodology and data collection methods utilized in this research paper are concerned with the tools a research methodology with respect to research objectives and aims involved within the research process (Gast and Ledford 2014). In contrast with these facts, this research methodology is concerned with regression analysis technique for managing the data sets and collected data. Quantitative data collection: Multiple Regression analysis Regression data analysis is nothing but the process involved within the quantitative data analysis methodology. In contrast with these facts, there are various other factors that needs to be managed and controlled with the help of data collection processes and methodologies involved within any research process (Lushey and Munro 2015). Multiple Regression analysis is utilized in this research for preparing data sets and finding statistical outcomes from the research. In addition to this, this statistical tool and process provided way to derive the outcome of the concerned research involved within this research process. Rationale for choosing concerned method The methodology chosen in this research is nothing but the combination of research philosophy, research approach that makes the research methodology completed. In contrast with these facts, this research has chosen this methodology for the following reasons: This research method provides support to the research process as this research philosophy provides less time consuming processing to the researcher (Reynolds et al. 2014). In contrast with these facts, there this time less time consuming measure helps the research to proceed effectively. In contrast with these facts, the alternative tools and research method can be utilized as correlation analysis and factor analysis. These two analysis processes are helpful in solving various aspects involved within the research process and methodologies (Silverman 2016). The selected research method is helpful in collecting data and also solving various data involved within the research. In contrast with these, the research method is selected for getting close ended questionnaires and the rejected method for research contained open ended questionnaires that may provide difficulties to the research processes (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Therefore, the research process can be easily managed with the help of selected research methods and data analysis techniques. References Bauer, G.R., 2014. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity.Social Science Medicine,110, pp.10-17. Choy, L.T., 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science,19(4), pp.99-104. Dumay, J. and Cai, L., 2015. Using content analysis as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure: a critique.Journal of Intellectual Capital,16(1), pp.121-155. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R., 2014.Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Lushey, C.J. and Munro, E.R., 2015. Participatory peer research methodology: An effective method for obtaining young peoples perspectives on transitions from care to adulthood?.Qualitative Social Work,14(4), pp.522-537. Reynolds, D., Creemers, B., Nesselrodt, P.S., Shaffer, E.C., Stringfield, S. and Teddlie, C. eds., 2014.Advances in school effectiveness research and practice. Elsevier. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons.

Japanese Canadian Internment free essay sample

The Japanese Canadian internment was the forced removal of more than 22,000 Japanese Canadians during the Second World War by the government of Canada. Following the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, prominent British Columbians, including members of municipal government offices, local newspapers and businesses called for the internment of the Japanese. In British Columbia, there were fears that some Japanese who worked in the fishing industry were charting the coastline for the Japanese navy, acting as spies on Canadas military. Military and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) authorities felt the publics fears were unwarranted, but the public opinion quickly pushed the government to act. [1] Canadian Pacific Railway fired all the Japanese workers, and most other Canadian companies did the same. [1] Japanese fish boats were first confined to port, and eventually, the Canadian navy seized 1,200 of these vessels. [1] Many boats were damaged, and over one hundred sank. 2] A Royal Canadian Navy officer questions Japanese-Canadian fishermen while confiscating their boat. We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Canadian Internment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In January 1942, a protected 100-mile (160 km) wide strip up the Pacific coast was created, and any men of Japanese descent between the ages of 18 and 45 were removed and taken to road camps in the British Columbian interior, to sugar beet projects on the Prairies, or to internment in a POW camp in Ontario. Despite the 100-mile quarantine, a few men at the McGillivray Falls, just outside the quarantine zone, were employed at a logging operation at Devine, near DArcy, British Columbia, which is inside the quarantine zone, while those in the other Lillooet Country found employment with farms, stores, and the railway. [3]. Tashme, on Highway 3 just east of Hope, among the most notorious of the camps for harsh conditions, was just outside of the exclusion zone. All others, including Slocan, were in the Kootenay Country in southeastern British Columbia. 4] Most of the 21,500 people of Japanese descent who lived in British Columbia were naturalized or native-born citizens. [1] Those unwilling to live in internment camps or relocation centres faced the possibility of deportation to Japan. On February 24, 1942 an Order-in-Council passed under the War Measures Act giving the federal government the power to intern all persons of Japanese racial origin. [5] In early March, all ethnic Japanese peop le were ordered out of the protected area, and a daytime-only curfew was imposed on them. Some f those brought inland were kept in animal stalls for the Pacific National Exhibition at Hastings Park, in Vancouver for months. [1] They were then moved to ten camps in or near inland British Columbia towns, sometimes separating husbands from their wives and families. [1] However, four of those camps in the Lillooet area and another at Christina Lake were formally self-supporting projects (also called relocation centres) which housed selected middle and upper class families and others not deemed as much a threat to public safety. 6][7][8] Officially, those living in relocation camps were not legally interned they could leave, so long as they had permission however, they were not legally allowed to work or attend school outside the camps. [2] Since the majority of Japanese Canadians had little property aside from their (confiscated) houses, these restrictions left most with no opportunit y to survive outside the camps. [2] Some of the interned citizens had been combat veterans of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, including several men who had been decorated for bravery during the fighting on the Western Front in the First World War. While racism had been a barrier in some units between 1914-18, other units (notably the 10th Battalion) accepted sizeable numbers of ethnic Japanese Canadians without official prejudice and employed them in a combat role as individual replacements. Small numbers of military age Japanese-Canadians were later permitted to serve in the Canadian Army in the Second World War, as interpreters and in signal/intelligence units. Property confiscation In 1943, the Canadian Custodian of Aliens began to sell the possessions of Japanese Canadians without the owners permission. The Custodian of Aliens held auctions for these items, ranging from farm land and houses to peoples clothing. They were sold quickly at prices below market value. [10] Funds raised went towards the fees of realtors and auctioneers, and storage/handling charges, and Japanese owners rarely received much income from the sales. [2] Unlike official prisoners of war who, according to Geneva Convention, didnt have to pay their living expenses, Japanese internees did. [10] By comparison, Japanese American internees, protected by the Bill of Rights were less likely to lose property. [2] UNEF The first United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was established by United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the 1956 Suez Crisis with resolution 1001 (ES-I) on November 7, 1956, and in large measure as a result of efforts by UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold and a proposal from Canadian minister of external affairs Lester Pearson. The first UN military force of its kind, its mission was to: enter Egyptian territory with the consent of the Egyptian Government, in order to help maintain quiet during and after the withdrawal of non-Egyptian forces and to secure compliance with the other terms established in the resolution o cover an area extending roughly from the Suez Canal to the Armistice Demarcation Lines established in the Armistice Agreement between Egypt and Israel. Since the operative UN resolutions were not passed under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the deployment of a military force had to be approved by Egypt. After multilateral negotiations with Egypt ten countries offered to contribute to the force: Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, India, Indonesia, Norway, Sweden, and Yugoslavia. Support was also provided by United States, Italy, and Switzerland. The first forces arrived in Cairo on November 15, and UNEF was at its full force of 6,000 by February 1957. The force was fully deployed in designated areas around the canal, in the Sinai and Gaza when Israel withdrew its last forces from Rafah on March 8, 1957. The UN secretary general sought to station UNEF forces on the Israeli side of the 1949 armistice lines, but this was rejected by Israel. [1] The mission was directed to accomplish its mission in four phases: 1. In November and December 1956, the force facilitated the orderly transition in the Suez Canal area when British and French forces left. . From December 1956 to March 1957, the force facilitated the separation of Israeli and Egyptian forces and the Israeli evacuation from all areas captured during the war, except Gaza and Sharm-el-Sheik. 3. In March 1957, the force facilitated the departure of Israeli forces from Gaza and Sharm-el-Sheik. 4. Deployment along the borders for purposes of observation. This phase ended in Ma y of 1967. Due to financial constraints and changing needs, the force shrank through the years to 3,378 by the time its mission ended in May 1967.

Essay Examples - Free Resources

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buy custom Common Sense Solutions essay

buy custom Common Sense Solutions essay The art of effective writing and speaking is called rhetoric. Rhetoric also refers to the art of persuasion in written or spoken work. This document gives a rhetorical analysis of Herman Cain Common Sense Solutions for America speech on May 21, 2011 at Olympic Centennial Park Atlanta, Georgia. Through history, rhetoric has had many definitions but has maintained its characteristics. A thorough rhetoric analysis helps a speech analyzer to perceive the oral use of language and enhances proficiency in applying language resources in their own speaking, writing. It also enables one to grasp the intentions of the speech giver(Myers, 2011). To discern how language is being used and how it is working in others piece of work, either in spoken or written speeches, it is necessary to artificially divide form and content of what is being said and how it is being said. Basically, rhetoric attentively examines the language in terms of methods and means of communication. Aristotle defined rhetoric as the ability to see every available means of persuasion in each particular case or situation. He explained the three main forms of rhetoric as ethos, logos and pathos. These three are important aspects of understanding and analyzing the rhetoric perspective of a speech. Rhetoric is a comprehensive art as set forth from antiquity. At times, it has been lived down to its critics. However, its concern on what one need to say and how he needs to say it remains indivisible in its own definition. How something is said by somebody conveys as much message as what it is said. Rhetoric examines language effectiveness, and its comprehensively. This is inclusive of its emotional impact, referred to as pathos, and its propositional contents, also referred to as the logos. A close examination to Herman Cains speech shows how effective use of pathos and logos, and other rhetoric devices, has made his speech for presidential bid for 2012 one of the most persuading speeches by Americas presidential candidates. Who/what speech/theory Harman Cain is a scholar with a number of honorary degrees from different universities across United States. Being a black American, Cain accounts his experience and states that America is his nation he was born in and grew up in. through this speech, Herman shows his patriotism to America as his nation, and also declares his faith in the citizens of the United States. In this speech, Cains address a crowd at the Olympic Centennial Park this has increased his popularity across America. In this speech, Herman declared his interests to run for the top seat in the United States and declares his vision, he further refers the vision not to be his own, a vision for the Americans I dont call it my vision, my job as the leader is to define it, key it up, share it with you; it becomes our vision. This way, he makes the audience own up the task ahead therefore attracting their attention, as part of his bid for America presidency. Thesis and preview A close examination to Herman Cains speech shows how effective use of pathos and logos, and other rhetoric devices, has made his speech for presidential bid for 2012 one of the most persuading speeches by Americas presidential candidates. Based on his ability to perceive his audience, Cain is a speaker so much interested in persuading his audience and has well considered the three rhetoric proofs including ethical, logical and emotional impacts. In this particular speech, his audience is his key point of persuasion using rhetorical syllogism which leaves his audience to fill in missing pieces of his speech. In his cognitive response model, Cain message promotes attitude change towards contagious issues like reviving American economy faster by having a bolder, and a more direct stimulus policy. He has criticized the current administration stimulus plan as a spending bill instead of being meaningful in designing meaningful stimulus through permanent tax cuts. This way, his message indirectly influences attitude change(Long, 2004). His way of thinking and speech delivery attracts American citizens (who are his audience) attention and provokes their way of thinking. This is achieved through being very specific to his ideas and speaking his mind clearly and effectively. He catches Americans attention through communicating obvious ideas in a new way, and also being realistic and practical. This provides new information, knowledge, arguments, ideas, and appeals most contagious issues regarding America in his speech straight to the point. This way, the message induces, encourages, instigates, assists, facilitates, cultivates and promotes persuasion. II. The Rhetorical Theory In his definition, Aristotle defines rhetoric as the faculty of observing the available means of persuasion in any given case. Rhetoric has never been declared as a faculty of observing the availability of interpreting and reacting to the persuasive message in any given case. Rhetoric mainly focuses on the making of a good skilled speaker not on a good and excellent listener. Traditional rhetoric theories have also focused on great orators rather than good listeners although traditionally, it had no focus on great auditors. Although in further communication studies, good listening skills are also considered in details. Rhetoric theories main focus is on message production and how to invent a more persuading messagebut not on message reception or how effective the audience is. Basically, rhetoric theory the audience is allocated the role of the target, the obstacle or as the means to the rhetors end. Even the traditional rhetorical theory was designed for orators but not their audience. The term rhetoric was first coined by the ancient Greeks. This was aimed at identifying crucial political skills of effective public speaker. Since then, there have been numerous theories defining what rhetoric really is, how it works, what it means to human social-political interaction, and why it works. For more than two thousand years in history, a scholar named James Berlin came up with the most reliable classification of diverse rhetoric theories. In every speech we make, we involve rhetorics in a number of ways. This indicates that we are always engaging in social political actions with, for or against others. According to berlin, rhetoric has at its base a conception of reality, of language and of human nature. In other terms, it is grounded in a noetic field; as a closed system of defining what can be known, and what cannot be known. This also includes the nature of the knower, the nature of the knower and the relationship between the knower and what is known. He also noted out that rhetoric also involve the audience, and the nature of the language. This clearly shows that rhetoric is implicate in almost all social attempts. In actual sense, it is at the center of every cultural activity (James, 2004). This enables us to look at rhetoric of a given society and judge on who may speak, how they may speak, who listens, how they are likely to speak, and the types of languages features and the arguments deemed persuasive(Cline, 2011). According to Berlin, rhetorics can be classified based on ontology and epistemology. He based rhetorics on objective theories, subjective theories and transactional theories. Objective theories are based on positivistic epistemology. This theory asserts that the real is located in the material world. In this perspective, only which can be justified using tangible data, exhibits and statistics can be perceived to be real. The speakers major responsibility is to record this reality exactly as it has been experienced into the mind of the audience. The language used in this is the sign system to record what exists apart from the verbal. Truth is determined through the inductive method, through collecting sense data and arriving at conclusive generalizations. There are no longer concerns with the probabilistic nature of the values in political, legal and social spheres. In this specific speech, Harman opening remarks creates suspense when he declares that his aunt is in attendance, but she has not decided on whether to vote for her nephew. He further assures them that by the end of his speech, he will have convinced her beyond any reasonable doubt that he (Herman) is the best candidate for the top job in America Herman describes America as a nation in crisis; he states that America is in moral crises, economic crises, entitlement spending crises, immigration crises, foggy affair crises, and refers to the white house leadership as deficient(4president.org, 2011). The most frequent applause throughout his speech shows how well convinced his audience is. Artifact/context (rhetorical situation) Exigencies In rhetoric, an exigency is an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak. In Cains case the fact that there are unexploited avenues to solving the economic crises is what is driving him to address his audience with confidence that he can practically employ these methods in solving them. Audience Rhetorical oriented discourse is composed with the end receivers in mind. The audience is considered to be the recipient of the rhetorical composition. In this analysis, rhetoric takes to account how the audience shapes the composition of the message or responds to it. The relationship between the audience and the settings or the occasion depends on the genre of oratory were carried out. Theorists have also considered multiple audiences on which the speech is aimed at. The primary audience refers to the members directly addressed by the speaker. Other audience refers to the group of people likely to read from written records of the same speech which may be translated in some instances. Emphasizing on the audience is contradicting to the philosophical rhetoric dimension that discourses orienting itself to the truth rather than the doxa or the opinion of the misinformed public Harman Cains response to his audience on the crises facing the Obama administration have little to do with his approach to the methods he promised to use in order to solve the problem(4president.org, 2011). However, this comparison is very important in attracting the audience attention. His aim was to create confidence with the voter so as to secure his or her vote if indeed he will represent himself as a republican presidential candidate. Harmans intent was to create an ethos of confidence in the face of his friendly audience. This way he incites the public to follow his ideologies(Myers, 2011). Any person reading this speech would interpret his arguments and rhetoric in light of the broader populace whom he was addressing. Constraints In rhetoric, constraints are those factors that restrict the persuasive opportunities or strategies available to the speaker or a speech writer. These constrains consist of events, objects, relations or persons who are part of the rhetoric situation. This is because all these are in a possition to constrain an action or a decision. Sources of constrains include beliefs, documents, attitude, tradition, facts, image, and motives among others(Webster, 2011). From point of view, Harman Cains stand on foreign issues is made clear, he declares the Obama administration as one thet has failed greatly in identifying Americas friends and, maintaining a good relationship. His example includes Israel, a long time America friend in terms of foreign trade, military power and war on terror. He states that the relationship between America and Israel has deteriorated with time, and he is in a good position to fix it. Although his critics say that he inexperienced in foreign affairs, he uses a simple example in laymans language, know your friends. III. Analysis Persuasive appeals/ modes of persuasion Ethos Ethos describes a characters persuasive appeal. This means that, it shows how a character is established in terms of speech or discourse. According to Aristotle each character should be able to portray his/her knowledge concerning a certain subject. In classical oratory the commencement of a speech should establish the orators credibility with the audience. The classical oratory argument was brought about by Cicero. In Harman Cains speech, he begins with defining American economy as one in crisis. For his well-known fame as a scholar, he defines Obamas administration as one composed of inexperienced officers in the private sector. This tactic establishes his ethos because the audience is forced to acknowledge that he is the most favorable candidate for the presidential race. His entire speech, Harman attempts to increase his popularity in his attempt to increase the respectability of the ethos of politics, which is largely achieved by tying his ambition to his academic qualifications and also his rich resume(4president.org, 2011). Logos Logos is used to describe the appeal to reason. According to Aristotle any communication should be made only through this appeal, this though does not happen due to the weakness of the humanity and thus we end up using ethos and pathos appeals(Long, 2004). The term logo has other meanings and is usually used for oration. Herman describes himself as the son of a chauffeur and a domestic worker. This statement reflects not only pure concision but also his simple logical preparedness. This is aimed at convincing his audience that he is the most humble, real, and ideal presidential candidate. He describes himself as an experienced and educated man who will only involve the elites in his administration. In his context, there is no space for the clouds of emotion in this straight forward speech. This qualifies his speech as a purely logical appear. Pathos Pathos describes the appeal to emotion. According to Cicero pathos should be used at the conclusion of an oration although this is not usually the case because emotions appeals are widely viable. Aristotles rhetoric has a lot of discussion of how emotions are affected, providing the kinds of responses expressed by different demographic groups(Granger, 2007). This portrays a close relation between pathos assessment and the audience. Pathos also helps us to clearly understand how rhetoric is psychological. Criticism of rhetoric mostly focuses on pathos overemphasis, emotion, but not logos which represents the message. Hermans speech to his audience at Olympic Centennial Park managed to stir up the twenty members audience, much enough to influence their minds towards considering his policies as the most real. He describes Obamas leadership as one full of rhetorics and empty promises which are not practical. He also uses figures to demonstrate how the current administration has failed in dealing with the most urgent issues. He states that there is a nine percent unemployment rate, with nearly fifteen million jobless people, forty seven millions on food stamps, the increased gas prices, and a failed strenuous budget to stimulate the economy. Most of the places they are speaking have significance to why they are speaking there. By addressing a large crowd of an enthusiastic audience at the Olympic Centennial Park, Harman create an ample atmosphere to air his opinions. This group is positive to his thinking and easy to convince using figures, derived methods and statistics. He termed the venue as a victory ground where men goes to seek victory. He relates this ground with the expected American victory with his administration. This achieves rhetoric objectives in creating a speech that is well achieved by a responsive audience. Major Findings This method of launching his quest is very effective, and its objectives are well achieved. By applying rhetorical principles, Herman Cain created a very appropriate platform to launch his political ambition and it was well achieved. His message was well received by his well persuaded audience making it one of the most successful speeches. By using facts and applying objectives rhetoric theory, he achieves his intended purpose of his speech. In rhetorics, the speech and the speaker are the most important element in a successive rhetoric process. This case study also demonstrates the effectiveness of use of facts and illustrations in giving speech. This case also teaches how constructs, ethos, pathos and logos (persuasive appeals/ modes of persuasion) are achieved in a well-structured rhetoric case. Buy custom Common Sense Solutions essay

Discussion and Examples of Expectation States Theory

Discussion and Examples of Expectation States Theory Expectation states theory is an approach to understanding how people evaluate other people’s competence in small task groups and the amount of credibility and influence they give them as a result. Central to the theory is the idea that we evaluate people based on two criteria. The first criterion is specific skills and abilities that are relevant to the task at hand, such as prior experience or training. The second criterion is composed of status characteristics such as gender, age, race, education, and physical attractiveness, that encourage people to believe that someone will be superior to others, even though those characteristics play no role in the work of the group. Overview of Expectation States Theory Expectation states theory was developed by American sociologist and social psychologist Joseph Berger, along with his colleagues, in the early 1970s. Based on social psychological experiments, Berger and his colleagues first published a paper on the topic in 1972 in the American Sociological Review, titled Status Characteristics and Social Interaction. Their theory offers an explanation for why social hierarchies emerge in small, task-oriented groups. According to the theory, both known information and implicit assumptions based on certain characteristics lead to a person developing an assessment of anothers abilities, skills, and value. When this combination is favorable, we will have a positive view of their ability to contribute to the task at hand. When the combination is less than favorable or poor, we will have a negative view of their ability to contribute. Within a group setting, this results in a hierarchy forming in which some are seen as more valuable and important than others. The higher or lower a person is on the hierarchy, the higher or lower his or her level of esteem and influence within the group will be. Berger and his colleagues theorized that while an assessment of relevant experience and expertise is a part of this process, in the end, the formation of a hierarchy within the group is most strongly influenced by the effect of social cues on the assumptions that we make about others. The assumptions we make about people - especially who we dont know very well or with whom we have limited experience - are largely based on social cues that are often guided by stereotypes of race, gender, age, class, and looks. Because this happens, people who are already privileged in society in terms of social status end up being favorably assessed within small groups, and those who experience disadvantages due to these characteristics will be negatively assessed. Of course, its not just visual cues that shape this process, but also how we comport ourselves, speak, and interact with others. In other words, what sociologists call cultural capital makes some appear more valuable and others less so. Why Expectation States Theory Matters Sociologist Cecilia Ridgeway has pointed out in a paper titled Why Status Matters for Inequality  that as these trends perpetuate over time, they lead to certain groups having  more influence and power than others. This makes members of higher status groups appear to be right and worthy of trust, which encourages those in lower status groups and people in general to trust them and to go along with their way of doing things. What this means is that social status hierarchies, and the inequalities of race, class, gender, age, and others that go along with them, are fostered and perpetuated by what happens in small group interactions. This theory seems to bear out in the wealth and income disparities between white people and people of color, and between men and women, and would seem to correlate with both women and people of color reporting that they are frequently presumed incompetent or presumed to occupy positions of employment and status lower than they actually do. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Individual case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual case study - Research Paper Example On ethical issues, Nike was faced with the challenge of providing the required wage for its workers. Although the company provided jobs for the locals of contractor countries, the pay was less, and this was unethical. In Vietnam worker were being paid about $1.6 per day, a pay that was way below their daily wage of $3 a day. In addition, workers were not given protective wear during work within Vietnam and other countries working on behalf of the company. For instance, it was confirmed that those working in areas with dangerous chemicals were not wearing glove and those in areas with poisonous gases were not given masks as is required by safety procedures. In amidst of all these, the company was reporting large profits and various organizations felt that the company was exploiting people and especially underage workers (Carroll, 2009). Nike experiences a challenge in developing a strict monitoring system to use in its contactor countries. This would ensure that issues like the amount of wages paid to workers and even working conditions are improved. In addition to this, such a system would ensure that workers are given protective wear and paid acceptable wages. The other challenge is the difficulties in establishing and hiring a competent body that would ensure proper and accurate accounting records. This has resulted to poor payment terms of those employed to work for the company and improper records. In addition to this, company has difficulties in determining the countries in which it would establish its branches. This is because of the legal requirements required by the countries in which it plans to establish its other companies. The host government in various countries played crucial roles in the establishment of contractors. For instance, host countries were involved in licensing Nike to carry out its manufacturing activities on their land. In addition to

Scaffolding Language Learning in an Academic ESL Classroom Assignment

Scaffolding Language Learning in an Academic ESL Classroom - Assignment Example This is in relation to the socialization processes. The poorly socialized individuals and students tend to lack a well-developed argumentative skill, which is the basis of interactions while discussing academic issues (Lantolf, 2000 p34). On the kindergartens, the English language learners should be taught by reciting various words they learn in class. This will allow the expansion of their brains as recited words always stick, in the memory, for a long time (Lantolf, 2000 p41). This will as well accompany communicative activities such as salutations the kindergarten language learners always take part in on a daily basis starting from their teachers to their fellow colleagues whenever they interact. In the studies of the ESL, the students especially in an academic oral class should aptly embrace the interaction between the students and teacher for steady uprise in the oral and language skills (Kayi-Aydar, 2012 p26). The power relations as a result of interaction are one of the key as pects towards healthier scaffolding. The power relations enhance effective participation of the ESL learners in an academic oral skills class. The scaffolding should, therefore, involve description of various learning activities and putting them into practice through the group discussions and debates. This will not only set strong academic oral skills, but also enhance a proper language and presentation skills development. This system of the academic oral skills is a socially arbitrated process thus involves much of communicative activities thus relates to the socio-cultural linguistic (McNeil, 2012 p402). The provision of the scaffolding information by the tutors should be well adopted to enhance there is a relationship... This essay approves that for any language to be effective, it should be critically analyzed by the learners and the learners should as well take part in the day-to-day searching of new vocabularies in the intended language structure. The ESL learners, to acquire one of the best language development and language skills, should indulge in the critical evaluation of the language and the new words learnt during class interactions amongst themselves. The classroom tasks should as well be distributed for an improved learning of the oral skills. The classwork should entail a small group work, the formal lectures as well as a student led session discussions. All of these aspects will bring various students together and interact in various ways, which may include through the ideological differences in explaining subjects, through dialogues and in their cognitive performances. This aspect of various interactions will pave the way for an improvement in the learner’s academic oral skills. This report makes a conclusion that learners should be highly appreciated whenever they make mistakes and encouraged to control their frustrations whenever they face difficulty in the use of vocabularies and punctuations. This will enhance a perfect and conducive classroom environment for the correction of various oral skills mistakes by the students hence giving room for the development of an appropriate academic oral skill in the students. This will also encourage the participation levels of the students towards every learning activity involving interactions thus nurturing their already existing socialised oral skills.